BSC 2085 Exam #2 Yung Su FSU 2025
For assistance with your assignment email me
The Skeletal System - ✅✅-bones of the skeleton, cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues
5 Primary Functions of the Skeletal System - ✅✅-1. support
2. storage of minerals and lipids
3. blood cell production
4. protection
5. leverage
Support - ✅✅-structural support for the whole body, attachment for soft tissues/organs
Storage of Minerals - ✅✅-calcium (most abundant mineral in body) and lipids (yellow bone
marrow - energy reserves)
Blood Cell Production - ✅✅-occurs in red bone marrow
Protection - ✅✅-skull protects brain, ribs protect heart/lungs, vertebrae protects spinal cord
Leverage - ✅✅-(force of movement) allows body movement when skeletal muscles contract
Sutural Bones - ✅✅-small, flat, oddly shaped bones found between the flat bones of the skull.
They range in size from a grain of sand to a quarter. Their borders are like pieces of a jigsaw
puzzle.
Irregular Bones - ✅✅-complex shaped bones with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces. The
vertebrae that form the spinal column, the bones of the pelvis, and several bones in the skull are
this type of bone.
Short Bones - ✅✅-bones that are ox like in appearance. Examples include the carpal bones
(wrists) and tarsal bones (ankles).
Flat Bones - ✅✅-bones that have thin, parallel surfaces. They form the roof of the skull, the
sternum (breastbone), the ribs, and the scapulae (shoulder blades). They provide protection for
underlying soft tissues and offer an extensive surface area for the attachment of skeletal
muscles.
Long Bones - ✅✅-bones that are relatively long and slender. They are located in the arm and
forearm, thigh and leg, palms, soles, fingers, and toes. The femur, one of these bones of the
thigh, is the largest and heaviest bone in the body.
Sesamoid Bones - ✅✅-bones that are usually small, round, and flat. They are found near joints
of the knees, hands, and feet. Few people have these at every possible location, but everyone
has patellae (a small shallow dish) or kneecaps.
Bone Markings - ✅✅-surface features of bones such as depressions, grooves, or tunnels along
bone surface
, • Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits around collagen fibers
Osteocytes - ✅✅-bone cells
Lacunae - ✅✅-chambers surrounded by the bone matrix
Canaliculi - ✅✅-small channels that connects lacunae to each other and to blood vessels of
the central canal (form pathways for blood vessels for exchange of nutrients and wastes)
Periosteum - ✅✅--covers outer surfaces of bones
-consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers
Bone Matrix - ✅✅-composed of minerals (2/3's calcium) and matrix proteins (1/3 protein fibers
'collagen')
Bone Cells - ✅✅-1. osteoprogenitor cells
2. osteoblasts
3. osteocytes
4. osteoclasts
Osteoprogenitor (Osteogenic) Cells - ✅✅--mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce
osteoblasts
-located in the endosteum (lines the medullary cavity and passageway for blood vessels found
in the matrix of compact bone) and the inner cellular layer of periosteum
-important in fracture repair
Osteoblasts - ✅✅-•immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds (osteogenesis)
• When these cells become surrounded by bone, they become osteocytes
Osteoid - ✅✅-matrix produced by osteoblasts, but not yet calcified by calcium salts to form bone
Osteocytes - ✅✅-•mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix
• live in lacunae between layers (lamellae) of matrix
• connect by cytoplasmic extensions through canaliculi in lamellae
• Do not divide
• Two major functions:
1. To maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
2. To help repair damaged bone
Osteoclasts - ✅✅-•Giant, multinucleate (50 or more nuclei) cells
• Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages
• Do not develop from osteoprogenitor cells
• Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes
• Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis/resorption)
• Important in regulating calcium and phosphate concentrations in body fluids
Osteon - ✅✅-the basic unit of mature compact bone
Perforating Canals - ✅✅-perpendicular to the central canal and carry blood vessels into bone
and marrow
Circumferential Lamellae - ✅✅-lamellae wrapped around the long bone, encircling multiple
osteons and binds osteons together
For assistance with your assignment email me
The Skeletal System - ✅✅-bones of the skeleton, cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues
5 Primary Functions of the Skeletal System - ✅✅-1. support
2. storage of minerals and lipids
3. blood cell production
4. protection
5. leverage
Support - ✅✅-structural support for the whole body, attachment for soft tissues/organs
Storage of Minerals - ✅✅-calcium (most abundant mineral in body) and lipids (yellow bone
marrow - energy reserves)
Blood Cell Production - ✅✅-occurs in red bone marrow
Protection - ✅✅-skull protects brain, ribs protect heart/lungs, vertebrae protects spinal cord
Leverage - ✅✅-(force of movement) allows body movement when skeletal muscles contract
Sutural Bones - ✅✅-small, flat, oddly shaped bones found between the flat bones of the skull.
They range in size from a grain of sand to a quarter. Their borders are like pieces of a jigsaw
puzzle.
Irregular Bones - ✅✅-complex shaped bones with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces. The
vertebrae that form the spinal column, the bones of the pelvis, and several bones in the skull are
this type of bone.
Short Bones - ✅✅-bones that are ox like in appearance. Examples include the carpal bones
(wrists) and tarsal bones (ankles).
Flat Bones - ✅✅-bones that have thin, parallel surfaces. They form the roof of the skull, the
sternum (breastbone), the ribs, and the scapulae (shoulder blades). They provide protection for
underlying soft tissues and offer an extensive surface area for the attachment of skeletal
muscles.
Long Bones - ✅✅-bones that are relatively long and slender. They are located in the arm and
forearm, thigh and leg, palms, soles, fingers, and toes. The femur, one of these bones of the
thigh, is the largest and heaviest bone in the body.
Sesamoid Bones - ✅✅-bones that are usually small, round, and flat. They are found near joints
of the knees, hands, and feet. Few people have these at every possible location, but everyone
has patellae (a small shallow dish) or kneecaps.
Bone Markings - ✅✅-surface features of bones such as depressions, grooves, or tunnels along
bone surface
, • Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits around collagen fibers
Osteocytes - ✅✅-bone cells
Lacunae - ✅✅-chambers surrounded by the bone matrix
Canaliculi - ✅✅-small channels that connects lacunae to each other and to blood vessels of
the central canal (form pathways for blood vessels for exchange of nutrients and wastes)
Periosteum - ✅✅--covers outer surfaces of bones
-consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers
Bone Matrix - ✅✅-composed of minerals (2/3's calcium) and matrix proteins (1/3 protein fibers
'collagen')
Bone Cells - ✅✅-1. osteoprogenitor cells
2. osteoblasts
3. osteocytes
4. osteoclasts
Osteoprogenitor (Osteogenic) Cells - ✅✅--mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce
osteoblasts
-located in the endosteum (lines the medullary cavity and passageway for blood vessels found
in the matrix of compact bone) and the inner cellular layer of periosteum
-important in fracture repair
Osteoblasts - ✅✅-•immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds (osteogenesis)
• When these cells become surrounded by bone, they become osteocytes
Osteoid - ✅✅-matrix produced by osteoblasts, but not yet calcified by calcium salts to form bone
Osteocytes - ✅✅-•mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix
• live in lacunae between layers (lamellae) of matrix
• connect by cytoplasmic extensions through canaliculi in lamellae
• Do not divide
• Two major functions:
1. To maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
2. To help repair damaged bone
Osteoclasts - ✅✅-•Giant, multinucleate (50 or more nuclei) cells
• Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages
• Do not develop from osteoprogenitor cells
• Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes
• Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis/resorption)
• Important in regulating calcium and phosphate concentrations in body fluids
Osteon - ✅✅-the basic unit of mature compact bone
Perforating Canals - ✅✅-perpendicular to the central canal and carry blood vessels into bone
and marrow
Circumferential Lamellae - ✅✅-lamellae wrapped around the long bone, encircling multiple
osteons and binds osteons together
