Solution Manual for
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Statistics for Nursing
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gf ResearchAWorkbook for
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gf Evidence-Based Practice gf
gf 3rd Edition Susan Grove
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gf Daisha
, AnswerGuidelines for Questions to BeGraded gf gf gf gf gf gf
Measurement:Nominal,
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1
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The questions are in bold followed by answers.
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1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
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rationale for your answer.
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Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
categories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories
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of drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients
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are usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The
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current therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since
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no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see
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Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
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2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
your answer.
g f gf
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for
g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f
this sample.
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3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
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Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017).
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Ratio- level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove &
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017).
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4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
g What category identifies your current income as an RN?
f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
a. Less than $50,000 gf gf
b. $50,000 to 59,999 gf gf
c. $60,000 to 69,999 gf gf
d. $70,000 to 80,000 gf gf
e. $80,000 or greater gf gf
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego-
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
open-ended
gf
AG 1-1 gf
,AG 1-2 gf Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded gf gf gf gf gf gf
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
changed to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be
gf g f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
rank ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
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5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
depression symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al.,
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2017).
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5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for
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the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions
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5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim &
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
Mallory, 2017).
gf gf
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical
g f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
importance of this result.
gf gf gf gf
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases,
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress,
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
in higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
g f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated
g f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
whole percent (%).
gf gf gf
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample
g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f
included
g f 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The
g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f
number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91).
g f g f g f gf g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f gf
The group percent is calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷
g f g f g f g f g f gf g f g f g f g f g f g f
total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) ×
gf g f g f g f gf g f g f g f gf g f g f gf g f g f g f
100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to the
gf g f gf g f gf g f gf g f gf g f g f gf g f g f g f g f
nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also subtracted
g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f gf gf
the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
not treated with an antidepressant.
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t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be useful
g f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
in clinical practice?
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Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
steady-state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This
gf g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f
functional status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or
g f g f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
maintain functional status of cardiac patients.
gf gf gf gf gf gf
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
gf gf gf gf gf gf AG 1-3 gf
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurement
g f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
for the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scale
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
with values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scale
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
and the subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
such as means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
gf gf
Statistics for Nursing
gf gf
gf ResearchAWorkbook for
gf gf gf
gf Evidence-Based Practice gf
gf 3rd Edition Susan Grove
gf gf gf
gf Daisha
, AnswerGuidelines for Questions to BeGraded gf gf gf gf gf gf
Measurement:Nominal,
gf g f
gf
g f
1
g f
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
rationale for your answer.
gf gf gf gf
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
categories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
of drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
are usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
current therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
gf gf gf gf gf gf
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
your answer.
g f gf
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for
g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f
this sample.
g f gf
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017).
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
Ratio- level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove &
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017).
gf gf gf gf
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
g What category identifies your current income as an RN?
f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
a. Less than $50,000 gf gf
b. $50,000 to 59,999 gf gf
c. $60,000 to 69,999 gf gf
d. $70,000 to 80,000 gf gf
e. $80,000 or greater gf gf
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego-
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
open-ended
gf
AG 1-1 gf
,AG 1-2 gf Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded gf gf gf gf gf gf
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
changed to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be
gf g f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
rank ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
depression symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al.,
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
2017).
gf
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for
g f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions
g f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim &
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
Mallory, 2017).
gf gf
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical
g f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
importance of this result.
gf gf gf gf
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases,
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress,
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
in higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
g f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated
g f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
whole percent (%).
gf gf gf
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample
g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f
included
g f 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The
g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f
number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91).
g f g f g f gf g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f gf
The group percent is calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷
g f g f g f g f g f gf g f g f g f g f g f g f
total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) ×
gf g f g f g f gf g f g f g f gf g f g f gf g f g f g f
100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to the
gf g f gf g f gf g f gf g f gf g f g f gf g f g f g f g f
nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also subtracted
g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f gf gf
the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
not treated with an antidepressant.
gf gf gf gf gf
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be useful
g f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
in clinical practice?
gf gf gf
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
steady-state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This
gf g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f g f
functional status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or
g f g f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
maintain functional status of cardiac patients.
gf gf gf gf gf gf
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
gf gf gf gf gf gf AG 1-3 gf
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurement
g f gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
for the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scale
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
with values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scale
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
and the subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
such as means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf gf
