PRITE 2020 CORRECT QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (GRADED A+)

PRITE 2020 CORRECT QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (GRADED A+) “What is abulia? - CORRECT ANSWER Lack of will, drive, or initiative for action, speech and thought" "What statistic variable measures the magnitude of difference between two intervention groups? - CORRECT ANSWER Effect size" "What is ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency? - CORRECT ANSWER Inherited disorder that causes ammonia to accumulate in the blood - Ammonia, which is formed when proteins are broken down in the body, is toxic if the levels become too high" "What is MECP2? What disorder does it cause? - CORRECT ANSWER - It is a methylated DNA binding protein. It binds to methylated to DNA and removes acytlase. - In females it causes Rett syndrome. - Cause an extremely variably expressed syndrome featuring cognitive impairment and other CNS features in males (MECP2 duplication syndrome: severe intellectual disability and impaired motor function)" "Which therapeutic approach has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of trichotillomania? - CORRECT ANSWER Habital reversal theory" "What is dialectical behavior therapy? - CORRECT ANSWER Specialized therapy that focuses on providing psychoeducation, validating the patient's emotional vulnerability and encouraging change" "Where do the dopaminergic neurons originate in the mesocorticolimbic system? - CORRECT ANSWER Ventral tegmental area" "Which antipsychotic is absorbed primarily through the oral mucosa? - CORRECT ANSWER Asenapine" "What is one foundational factor that leads to successful abstinence for individuals participating in Alcoholics Anonymous? - CORRECT ANSWER Recognizing that they are an alcoholic" "What is oppositional defiant disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures (e.g. losing temper, arguing) for six mo or more. may progress to conduct disorder." "According to CATIE-Alzheimer's Disease, relative to placebo, antipsychotic medication use for the treatment of behavioral disturbance in participants had which type of effect in the majority of subjects by week 12? - CORRECT ANSWER reduced suspiciousness" "What are the four processes that reflect the flow and focus of a motivational interviewing conversation? - CORRECT ANSWER - Engaging - Focusing - Planning - Evoking" "The pleasurable effects of drugs of abuse begin with increased neurotransmitter release in which area of the brain? - CORRECT ANSWER Nucleus accumbens" "Which type of memory is most dependent on medial temporal lobe integrity? - CORRECT ANSWER declarative" "What are the types of memories? - CORRECT ANSWER - Short term memory and long term memory - Long term memory is divided into explicit/declarative (conscious) and implicit (unconscious) - Explicit/Declarative is divided into episodic (events that happened to you) and semantic (general knowledge of the world) - Implicit is divided into priming and procedural (motor, how to ride bike)" "What is priming memory? - CORRECT ANSWER Type of implicit memory that occurs when exposure to one stimulus influences one's brain's response to another. For example, in word-judging tasks, participants identify pairs of associated words such as BREAD-BUTTER faster than non-associated pairs such as BREAD-DOCTOR" "What is the shortest type of memory? - CORRECT ANSWER Working memory, a type of short term memory - This is what we use to hold information in our heads while we engage in other cognitive processes - An example is remembering the numbers a new friend recites as you navigate your phone's menu system to add a contact" "Which effects do corticosteroids have on the hippocampus? - CORRECT ANSWER Decreased AMPA glutamate receptor signaling" "Which test is most helpful in delineating between worsening dementia and delirium? - CORRECT ANSWER EEG" "Which risk factor is most associated with an increase in the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in a person with mild cognitive impairment? - CORRECT ANSWER Elevated blood pressure" "What is meperidine? - CORRECT ANSWER Demerol/pethidine - interactions with MOAi, SSRI" "Which hormone is a potent allosteric modulator of the GABA-A receptor and has been implicated in depression? - CORRECT ANSWER Progesterone" "Why what age do children understand that others have minds different from their own? - CORRECT ANSWER About 15 months" "Which area is targeted with the treatment of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for unipolar depression? - CORRECT ANSWER Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex" "Which neurotransmitter receptor is down regulated in the ventral striatum in response to persistent pain? - CORRECT ANSWER Dopamine" "Which peptide is released in the GI tract to convey satiety information to the brain in response to food intake? - CORRECT ANSWER Cholecystokinin" "Where is leptin released from and how does it affect food intake? - CORRECT ANSWER - Released from fat cells in adipose tissue - Leptin signals to the hypothalamus - Leptin does not affect food intake from meal to meal but instead acts to alter food intake and control energy expenditure over the long term" "Where is ghrelin released from and how does it affect food intake? - CORRECT ANSWER - Released from stomach, small intestine, pancreas and brain - It stimulates appetite, increases food intake and promotes fat storage" "Where is orexin secreted from and how does it affect food intake? - CORRECT ANSWER - Synthesized by neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus - Increases craving fo food - Leptin inhibits orexin" "What is regression analysis? - CORRECT ANSWER Reliable method of identifying which variables have impact on a topic of interest" "Which brain cell is implicated in both neural circuit formation of the developing brain and scavenging for damaged neurons, plaques, and infectious agents? - CORRECT ANSWER Microglia" "What is the function of Schwann cells? - CORRECT ANSWER Myelinate axons in the PNS" "Who coined the term schizophrenogenic mother? - CORRECT ANSWER Frieda Fromm-Reichmann - It refers to mothers of individuals who develop schizophrenia, the implication being that the mother has induced the illness" "What is Carl Rogers known for? - CORRECT ANSWER - Person/client center psychotherapy - Attributes to create a growth-promoting climate in which individuals can move forward and become capable of becoming their true self 1. congruence (genuineness), 2. unconditional positive regard (acceptance and caring), 3. Accurate empathetic understanding (an ability to deeply grasp the subject world of another person)" "What is Melanie Klein known for? - CORRECT ANSWER - Play therapy and object relations (the theory suggests that the way people relate to others and situations in their adult lives is shaped by family experiences during infancy)" "What is the glabellar tap? - CORRECT ANSWER primitive reflex where the eyes shut if an individual is tapped lightly between the eyebrows" "At which age does a child possess sufficient cognitive ability and meet the Appelbaum criteria for general healthcare decision-making capacity? - CORRECT ANSWER 12 years old" "What are the four dimensions of Appelbaum criteria for decision making capacity? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Understanding 2. Appreciation 3. Reasoning 4. Expression of a choice" "Which neurotransmitter is contained in sleep-promoting neurons of the ventrolateral pre-optic nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWER GABA" "What is most significantly affected when syringomyelia first presents? - CORRECT ANSWER Pain perception" "What are the 3 major epigenetic mechanisms? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. DNA methylation 2. Histone modification 3. Expression regulation by micro-RNAs" "The avoidance that occurs with social phobia is regulated between which two brain regions? - CORRECT ANSWER Amygdala and periaqueductal gray area of the brainstem" "What is the function of the periaqueductal gray area of the brainstem? - CORRECT ANSWER Functional interface between the forebrain and the lower brainstem - Major role in integrated behavioral responses to internal (pain) or external (threat) stressors" "What are the most common compulsions in adults with obsessive compulsive disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER Cleaning and checking" "How do oral contraceptives and lamotrigine interact with each other? - CORRECT ANSWER Oral contraceptives containing estrogens decrease serum levels of lamotrigine" "What is the risk of using St John's wort in patients with depression? - CORRECT ANSWER May induce mania (if patient has bipolar disorder)" "What happens with NMDA and GABA receptors in acute alcohol intoxication? - CORRECT ANSWER NMDA receptor antagonism GABA receptor agonism" "What is a finding found in sleep studies for a patient with periodic limb movement disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER Brief lower extremity jerks with brief repeated arousals" "Which symptom is an irreversible effect of chronic anabolic steroid use? - CORRECT ANSWER Hirsutism" "Ainsworth introduced the *strange situation experiment* to evaluate which relationship? - CORRECT ANSWER Attachment between a parent and a child - attachment theory (9 to 18 months)" "Which paraneoplastic syndrome is associated with anti-yo antibodies? - CORRECT ANSWER Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration" "In which way does sexual health change in older individuals? - CORRECT ANSWER Refractory period for men increases" "Which developmental stage in psychodynamic group therapy is characterized by intimacy? - CORRECT ANSWER Differentiation and individuation" "What are the developmental stages in psychodynamic group therapy? - CORRECT ANSWER Engagement, Differentiation, Individuation, Intimacy, Mutuality and Termination." "Which aspect is associated with an increased risk of depression in patients with multiple sclerosis? - CORRECT ANSWER Lesion of volume" "What is primary process thinking in psychoanalytical theory? - CORRECT ANSWER Unconscious thoughts that do not maintain logical connections the unconscious thinking of the id, which uses symbols and metaphor, is focused on immediate gratification of instinctual demands and drives, disregards logic, and manifest itself during dreaming, in patients in psychotic states, and in young children" "Which infant & toddler temperamental style has been shown to have greatest association w eventual onset of anxiety symptoms in childhood? - CORRECT ANSWER inhibited" "What is the principle of the "Goldwater rule" for psychiatrists? - CORRECT ANSWER It is unethical for psychiatrists to offer professional opinions on public figures without a face-to-face evaluation" "Why is lithium readily dialyzable? - CORRECT ANSWER Due to its low molecular weight" "Which medication was among the first to be approved to treat depression? - CORRECT ANSWER Iproniazid" "What alternative stimuli can be used by examiner to overcome the wicrawal response of babinski reflex by patient? - CORRECT ANSWER downward scraping of the shin" "When observed in a young adult, bilateral paresis of the medial muscle of the eye on attempted lateral gaze, with a coarse nystagmus in the abducting eye, is characteristic of which disease? - CORRECT ANSWER Multiple sclerosis" "Ethical standards issued by the American Medical Association prohibit physician involvement in which aspect of a death penalty case unless s a commutation order is in place? - CORRECT ANSWER Restoration of competence to be executed" "What is a hypnagogic hallucination? - CORRECT ANSWER Visual, auditory, or tactile hallucinations at sleep onset" "How does the CNS repond to an acute cortical insult? - CORRECT ANSWER Microglia processes retract, and the cell body enlarges" "Which medication can reduce psychotic symptoms in patients with Parkinson disease without worsening motor symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWER Pimavanserin" "Which neurodevelopment processes predominantly occurs during adolescence and young adulthood? - CORRECT ANSWER Synaptic pruning" "What is measured for the validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-II? - CORRECT ANSWER Test-taking attitude of the patient" "What process accounts for the brain's rapid increase in size from birth through the second year of life? - CORRECT ANSWER Synaptogenesis of neurons" "What is the most common reason why patients discontinue SSRIs? - CORRECT ANSWER GI distress" "Which neurological disorder is reported to have the highest prevalence of pathological laughing and crying? - CORRECT ANSWER Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" "Which is a pharmacological effect of lithium? - CORRECT ANSWER Inositol monophosphatase activation" "Which stage of development occurs first in female physical development? - CORRECT ANSWER Increase in adrenal androgen production" "Which Freudian psychosexual stage of development is characterized by an intensification of libidinal drives, separation from a dependence on one's parents, and achievement of a mature sense of self? - CORRECT ANSWER Genital" "What are Freud's psychosexual stages of development? - CORRECT ANSWER Oral (Birth-1 year) - Mouth/Orally aggressive: chewing gum and the ends of pencils, etc. Orally passive: smoking, eating, kissing, oral sexual practices//Oral stage fixation might result in a passive, gullible, immature, manipulative personality. Anal (1-3 years) - Bowel and bladder elimination//Anal retentive: Obsessively organized, or excessively neatAnal expulsive: reckless, careless, defiant, disorganized, coprophiliac Phallic (3-6 years) - Genitalia//Oedipus complex (in boys and girls); according to Sigmund Freud. Electra complex (in girls); according to Carl Jung. Promiscuity and low self-esteem in both sexes. Latency (6-puberty) - Dormant sexual feelingsImmaturity and an inability to form fulfilling non-sexual relationships as an adult if fixation occurs in this stage. Genital( Puberty-death) - Sexual interests matureFrigidity, impotence, sexual perversion, great difficulty in forming a healthy sexual relationship with another person" "Deep brain stimulation targeting which brain region has been most frequently studied for the experimental treatment of depression? - CORRECT ANSWER Subcallosal cingulate cortex" "Which neurotransmitter is thought to play a key role in fine-tuning working memory function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex? - CORRECT ANSWER Dopamine" "What is apraxia? - CORRECT ANSWER Loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned (familiar) movements, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements" "What is atonia? - CORRECT ANSWER paralysis of body's muscles" "What is aphasia? - CORRECT ANSWER loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage." "What is areflexia? - CORRECT ANSWER absence of a reflex" "What is agraphesthesia? - CORRECT ANSWER Inability to identify a number traced on the skin of the palm of the hand despite normal cutaneous sensation." "What are splice variants? - CORRECT ANSWER different proteins encoded by the same gene" "According to Erikson, the predominant emotional issue in typically developing, school-age children is? - CORRECT ANSWER Personal worth and competence" "An epigenetic cause of fragile X syndrome involves which changes regarding the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene? - CORRECT ANSWER Methylation of the CpG sites of the promoter region" "Which disorder is associated with the loss of fast-conducting peripheral sensory nerves and decreased sex steroid secretion that accompanies aging? - CORRECT ANSWER Delayed ejaculatin" "Which area of the frontal cortex is most consistently activated during shifting of cognitive sets in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test? - CORRECT ANSWER Dorsolateral (working memory and selective attention)" "In the Belmont Report, which ethical principle underlies the practice of informed consent? - CORRECT ANSWER Respect for persons" "The frequency of typical sexual behaviors (self stimulation, exhibitionism, sexual intrusiveness) exhibited by children of both genders peaks at around which age? - CORRECT ANSWER 5 years" "Sleep spindle density most markedly decreases from middle age into old age in which regions of the brain? - CORRECT ANSWER Frontal and occipital lobes" "Which occurs in epigenetic histone protein amino acid residue modification? - CORRECT ANSWER Acetylation is generally rapid and reversible" "Which psychosocial treatment modality is most relevant and effective for the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? - CORRECT ANSWER Cognitive behavioral therapy" "What is positive effect (health promoting effect) of the neuroinflammatory response? - CORRECT ANSWER Microglial propagation of cytokines with associated decreased physical activity in response to a peripheral infection" "Which sleep change is often seen in depressive disorders? - CORRECT ANSWER Decreased REM latency" "Pervasive and excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behaviors are essential features of which personality disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER Histrionic" "What is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist? - CORRECT ANSWER Guanfacine" "What is progressive supra nuclear palsy? - CORRECT ANSWER Degenerative disease involving the gradual deterioration and death of specific volumes of the brain. The condition leads to symptoms including loss of balance, slowing of movement, difficulty moving the eyes, and dementia. PSP may be mistaken for other neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. The cause of the condition is uncertain, but involves accumulation of tau protein within the brain. Medications such as levodopa and amantadine may be useful in some cases." "The recognition of affective behavior by the mirror neuron system involves connections between the anterior mesial frontal cortex and which other part of the brain? - CORRECT ANSWER Insula" "Which type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is most closely associated with the reward properties of nicotine? - CORRECT ANSWER alpha4beta2" "What are wild type alleles? - CORRECT ANSWER Each allele may be categorized as a wild-type (functional) or variant (defective) allele." "What is countertransference? - CORRECT ANSWER When a client expresses emotions onto a client based on his/her unresolved conflicts." "What is transference? - CORRECT ANSWER Transference (noun): the redirection of feelings about a specific person onto someone else (in therapy, this refers to a client's projection of their feelings about someone else onto their therapist). Countertransference (noun): the redirection of a therapist's feelings toward the client." "Detection of single nucleotide variants in rare genetic diseases is most likely to occur with which type of genetic study? - CORRECT ANSWER Exam sequencing" "What are the different types of prevention? - CORRECT ANSWER Primary: Mainly aimed at young people who have not yet tried the substances in question or who may have tried alcohol or tobacco. Secondary: Designed for people who have tried the drug in question, or a variety of other substances. The goals of such programs are to prevent the use of other, more dangerous substances and the prevention of the development of more dangerous forms of the use of the substance they are already experimenting with. Tertiary: Relapse prevention, or follow-up programs. For alcohol or heroin-dependent individuals, these programs are a first priority. Universal prevention: designed for delivery to an entire population (schoolchildren or a community) Selective: For groups within the general population that are deemed to be at high risk. Indicated: Target individuals who show signs of developing problems (a child who smokes cigarettes)" "According to Melanie Klein, a child who perceives the mother as an integral person who is responsible for both good and bad experiences at the same tie is said to be in which type of position? - CORRECT ANSWER In the depressive position" "High voltage dela activity associated with slow-eye rolling movements on polysomnogram is characteristic of which stage of sleep? - CORRECT ANSWER N3" "What are the different stages of sleep? - CORRECT ANSWER Beta: high frequency patterns that reflect alertness Alpha: low frequency waves that reflect relaxation stage 1: light sleep stage 2: deeper sleep - when sleep spindles occur stage 3: emergence of delta waves Delta: larger slow waves" "What is anterior cerebral artery stroke syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER - Contralateral leg paresis - Abulia, disinhibition, executive dysfunction *In some cases, akinetic mutism, if bilateral caudate head infarction" "What is middle cerebral artery stroke syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER - Contralateral hemiparesis/sensory loss - Homonymous hemianopia - Dysarthria, aphasia, Alexia, agraphia, acalculia, apraxia *If non-dominant side (right hemisphere) affected, patient may neglect the left side of environment" "What is posterior cerebral artery syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER - Occipital lobe: contralateral homonymous hemianopia, cortical blindness - Medial temporal lobe: long term and short term memory loss, behavioral alteration (paranoia, agitation, anger) - Thalamic infarct (decreased level of consciousness, memory impairment, executive function, aphasia, contralateral sensory loss)" "What is the presentation of midbrain stroke? - CORRECT ANSWER - Ipsilateral 3rd nerve palsy - Contralateral hemiparesis of the arm and leg, sometimes with hemiplegia of the face - Contralateral hemiataxia" "What is the presentation of pontine stroke? - CORRECT ANSWER - Horner's syndrome on ipsilateral side - 6th and 7th nerve palsy (diplopia, weak face) on ipsilateral side - Loss of pain and temperature sense on ipsilateral side - Nystagmus, nausea - Loss of sensation/weakness in leg/arm on contralateral side" "What is the presentation of medullary stroke? - CORRECT ANSWER - Tongue weakness - Sensory loss in face - Horner's syndrome - Palate weakness (dysphagia)" "What is lacunar stroke syndromes? - CORRECT ANSWER - Pure motor stroke: posterior limb of the internal capsule (stuttering over hours to days) - Pure sensory stroke: thalamic infarction - Sensorimotor stroke: junction between thalamus and internal capsule - Ataxic hemiparesis: infarction in the corona radiate (ataxia is unilateral) - Clumsy hand-dysarthria: pons (sometimes corona radiate and internal capsule) infarction" "What is the most common comorbidity in a patient with an anxiety disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER Another anxiety disorder" "What are the most common causes of copper deficiency? - CORRECT ANSWER Gastric bypass surgery and zinc toxicity" "What is the presentation of copper deficiency? - CORRECT ANSWER Hematological consequences: myelodysplasia, anemia, low white blood cell count Neurological consequences: sensory ataxia, spasticity, muscle weakness, damage to peripheral nerves, myelopathy and rarely optic neuropathy" "How does vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) present? - CORRECT ANSWER - Caused by pyridoxine-inactivating drugs such as isoniazid, protein-energy undernutrition, malabsorption, alcoholism, or excessive loss - Deficiency can cause peripheral neuropathy, seborrheic dermatitis, glossitis, and cheilosis. In adults, depression, confusion and seizures are typical" "What is cluster A personality disorders? - CORRECT ANSWER Characterized by odd, eccentric thinking or behavior - Paranoid personality disorder - Schizoid personality disorder - Schizotypal personality disorder" "What is cluster B personality disorders? - CORRECT ANSWER Characterized by dramatic, overly emotional or unpredictable thinking or behavior - Antisocial personality disorder - Borderline personality disorder - Histrionic personality disorder - Narcissistic personality disorder" "How is empathy distinguished from identification? - CORRECT ANSWER Retaining objectivity in the relationship" "What is cumulative incidence? - CORRECT ANSWER Number of new cases/number of people at risk in population" "What is point prevalence? - CORRECT ANSWER A particular INSTANCE in time....Who has the disease over who is at risk." "What is lifetime prevalence? - CORRECT ANSWER how likely you are within a lifetime to acquire that disease" "What is capitation? - CORRECT ANSWER monthly fee a provider is paid for each covered patient" "What is a risk factor associated with prolonged or complicated bereavement? - CORRECT ANSWER Male gender" "What is a finding on electromyography, when seen during REM sleep, that is diagnostic of REM sleep behavior disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER Excess muscle tone" "Which antipsychotic medication carries the lowest risk of QT prolongation? - CORRECT ANSWER Aripriprazole" "Which physical health condition has the highest risk of suicide? - CORRECT ANSWER Brain injury" "What is rapprochement? - CORRECT ANSWER In the theory of separation-individuation of Hungarian-born U.S. child psychoanalyst Margaret Schönberger Mahler (), a subphase, after about 18 months of age, in which the child makes active approaches to the mother." "What is holding? - CORRECT ANSWER A mother's capacity to understand her infant's internal states, which is communicated by mirroring" "What is identity diffusion? - CORRECT ANSWER Identity diffusion is one step in the process of finding a sense of self. It refers to a period when an individual does not have an established identity nor is actively searching for one." "What is projective identification? - CORRECT ANSWER In the object relations theory of Melanie Klein, projective identification is a defense mechanism in which a person fantasizes that part of his ego is split off and projected into the object in order to harm or to protect the disavowed part" "What are some differences between subcortical and cortical dementias? - CORRECT ANSWER Subcortical dementias (Parkinson's) tend to have less severe intellectual and cognitive dysfunction, but more motor dysfunction than cortical dementias (Alzheimer's)" "What is drive theory? - CORRECT ANSWER Drive theory is based on the principle that organisms are born with certain psychological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied" "What is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of norepinephrine? - CORRECT ANSWER Tyrosine hydroxylase" "What is salience network? - CORRECT ANSWER Composed of anterior insula (AI) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex - Salience stimuli: things that catch our attention" "Which cognitive function is measured in continuous performance test? - CORRECT ANSWER Sustained attention" "FDA approved use of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder involves stimulation of which brain region? - CORRECT ANSWER Anterior limb of the internal capsule" "Which region of the frontal lobes is most closely associated with working memory? - CORRECT ANSWER Dorsolateral prefrontal" "Which antipsychotic is used for augmentation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who have inadequate response to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor? - CORRECT ANSWER Aripiprazole" "What are haplotypes? - CORRECT ANSWER regions of linked variations in the human genome - clusters of alleles that are in linkage disequilibrium and inherited as a single unit" "From which embryonic layer is the neural tube formed from? - CORRECT ANSWER Ectoderm" "What is the neurogenic hypothesis of depression? - CORRECT ANSWER hypothesis that suggests depression is associated with a reduction in the birth of new neurons in the hippocampus, an area of the brain important to stress regulation, cognition, and mood" "What is modality shift effect? - CORRECT ANSWER Modality Shift Effect (MSE) refers to a peculiar finding from simple Reaction Time (RT) tasks which require the subject to make the same motor response to each of the stimuli in a random series of lights and tones with variable intervals" "What is rapid cycling bipolar disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER Occurrence of 4 or more mood episodes in 1 year (major depressive, hypomanic, or manic). - Risk factor is female sex" "What is the optimal time to conduct amniocentesis for chromosomal analysis of genetic disorders? - CORRECT ANSWER 20 weeks gestation" "Which psychiatric disorder is most prevalent in patients with cancer? - CORRECT ANSWER Adjustment disorder" "Which psychiatric condition is held to a stricter confidentially standard by federal law? - CORRECT ANSWER Substance use disorders" "Which form of competency requires the highest legal threshold? - CORRECT ANSWER Making financial decisions" "What is alogia? - CORRECT ANSWER Process of poor thinking inferred from speech and language usage. There may be a general lack of additional, unprompted content seen in normal speech: the replies to questions may be brief and concrete, with a reduction in spontaneous speech." "What is anosognosia? - CORRECT ANSWER Lack of ability to perceive the realities of one's own condition. It's a person's inability to accept that they have a condition that matches up with their symptoms or a formal diagnosis" "Lower birth weight corrected for gestational age must strongly predicts the risk for later development of which mental health illness? - CORRECT ANSWER Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder" "What is the sublimation defense mechanism? - CORRECT ANSWER Funneling of an unacceptable impulse into a socially acceptable activity. ex: person who loves cutting and blood, becomes a surgeon instead of a murderer." "What is the difference between suppression and repression? - CORRECT ANSWER Repression is unconsciously, suppression is consciously pushing thoughts out of awareness" "Which cation blocks the NMDA receptor at resting membrane potential? - CORRECT ANSWER Magnesium" "What is a good predictor of later functional and adaptive outcomes in autism spectrum disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER Verbal ability at age five years" "What is behavioral activation? - CORRECT ANSWER It is a therapeutic intervention that is often used to treat depression. - Stems from a behavioral model of depression that conceptualizes depression as a consequence of a lack of positive reinforcement" "What is circumduction? - CORRECT ANSWER - Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction - Occurs with right-sided hemiparesis" "Which MRI imaging study would demonstrate an abnormality in mild traumatic brain injury? - CORRECT ANSWER Diffusion tensor imaging" "By what age does core gender identity typically form? - CORRECT ANSWER 3 years" "Severity of cognitive deficits associated with severe head trauma correlates with which factor? - CORRECT ANSWER Duration of post-traumatic amnesia" "Which area of the hypothalamus has been reported to play a central role in maternal behavior of mothers towards infants? - CORRECT ANSWER preoptic" "What is Ropinirole used for? - CORRECT ANSWER Parkinson's treatment as well as Restless leg syndrome - dopamine agonist" "Oxytocin suppresses which brain region during emotionally charged situations? - CORRECT ANSWER Amygdala" "Energy homeostasis is thought to be regulated by leptin receptors in which brain region? - CORRECT ANSWER Hypothalamus" "Which enzyme is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of dopamine? - CORRECT ANSWER tyrosine hydroxylase" "In biofeedback, the relaxation state coincides with a measured decrease in which type of factor? - CORRECT ANSWER skin conductance" "What is biofeedback? - CORRECT ANSWER non-drug treatment in which patients learn to control bodily processes that are normally involuntary, such as muscle tension, blood pressure, or heart rate." "Damage to which brain structure may account for flapping movements of the limbs seen in carbon monoxide poisoning? - CORRECT ANSWER Globus pallidus" "Which medications are used for mono therapy treatment for bipolar depression? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Olanzapine-fluoxetine 2. Lurasidone 3. Quetiapine" "What are the targeted areas for the treatment of OCD using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)? - CORRECT ANSWER Orbitofrontal cortex and the supplementary motor area" "What are the medications used for migraine prophylaxis? - CORRECT ANSWER Propranolol (Inderal) Timolol (Blocadren) Amitriptyline Divalproex (Depakote) Sodium valproate Topiramate (Topamax)." "What is the strongest risk factor for development of chronic daily headaches in adults? - CORRECT ANSWER Medication overuse" "What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord? - CORRECT ANSWER Glycine" "What are the stages in Piaget's theory of child development? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Object permanence, sensory curiosity, language for demands 2. Pre-operational (2-7 years): Symbolic thinking, Conservation, centration, egocentrism 3. Concrete operational (7-11 years): Concepts attached to concrete situations, conservation and reversibility 4. Formal operations (11+): theoretical, hypothetical and counterfactual thinking, abstract logic and reasoning, strategy and planning" "What is animism according to Piaget's theory of child development? - CORRECT ANSWER - Up to the ages 4-5 years, the child believes that almost everything is alive and has a purpose - During the second stage (5-7 years), only objects that move have a purpose - In the next stage (7-9 years), only objects that move spontaneously are thought to be alive - In the last stage (9-12), the child understands that only plants and animals are alive" "Which areas are connected by the stria terminalis? - CORRECT ANSWER Amygdala to the septal area and the hypothalamus" "When does a child begin to express empathy? - CORRECT ANSWER Elementary school-age" "Which antipsychotic's dosing is affected by heavy smoking? - CORRECT ANSWER Olanzapine" "What is veracity? - CORRECT ANSWER truthfulness" "Where do histaminergic neurons that regulate sleep originate from? - CORRECT ANSWER Tuberomammillary nuclei" "What is Winnicott's theory of the development of infants' assertiveness and sense of competence? - CORRECT ANSWER "Good enough mother" - helps to guide child through stages, providing early connection and gradual release - Undifferentiated unity (first stage, child needs an illusion of being connected with mother) - Transition (child realizes dependences, mother moves away from child in well-timed small doses) - Relative independence (child develops healthy false self) *holding environment*" "What are the lab abnormalities associated with refeeding syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER - Hallmark hypophosphatemia - However, syndrome is complex and may feature abnormal sodium and fluid balance, changes in glucose, protein, and fat metabolism, thiamine deficiency, hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia" "AMPA receptor is stimulated by the presence of which neurotransmitter? - CORRECT ANSWER glutamate" "What is the difference between AMPA and NMDA receptors? - CORRECT ANSWER - Sodium and potassium increases in AMPA receptors whereas calcium increases along with sodium and potassium influx in NMDA receptors - Moreover, AMPA receptors do not have a magnesium ion block while NMDA receptors do have a calcium ion block" "What is the difference between operant and classical conditioning? - CORRECT ANSWER - Classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus, while operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence" "At which age do children begin developing concern for others and learning to share? - CORRECT ANSWER Around 4 years old" "Which neurotransmitter facilitates sexual arousal? - CORRECT ANSWER Dopamine" "In utero exposure to cannabis during neuronal development is associated with which defect in the infant? - CORRECT ANSWER Cognitive defects" "In children with cancer, inadequate prophylaxis of pain and stress during difficult procedures such as bone marrow biopsies, is most likely to result in which psychiatric condition? - CORRECT ANSWER Generalized anxiety disorder" "What is the difference between risk and odds? - CORRECT ANSWER Risk refers to the probability of occurrence of an event or out come Odds refers to the probability of occurrence of an event/probability of the event not occurring" "What is the function of astrocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER - Blood brain barrier - Physical and metabolic support for neurons, detoxification, guidance during migration, regulations of energy metabolism, electrical insulation, transport of blood-borne material to the neuron, reaction to injury" "What is the function of ependymal cells? - CORRECT ANSWER Line the ventricles, and they're present at the choroid plexus - Also form secretory epithelium that produces the CSF that fills the ventricles and bathes the entire CNS" "What is the function of oligodendrocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER Myelinate the CNS" "What are cis-regulatory elements? - CORRECT ANSWER Regions of non-coding DNA which regulate the transcription of neighboring genes" "Which neurotransmitter most directly regulates impulsive or affective aggression? - CORRECT ANSWER Serotonin" "What is a ten year old's understanding of death? - CORRECT ANSWER Death is permanent and the dead will not return" "Successful global cognitive performance with aging has most consistently been positively associated with the size of which brain structure? - CORRECT ANSWER Hippocampus formation" "What is Bonferroni correction? - CORRECT ANSWER Alpha level is adjusted by dividing it by the number of comparisons - protects for Fishing/chance of false positive findings - multiple-comparison correction used when several dependent or independent statistical tests are being formed simultaneously" "How do inflammatory cytokines mediate depression? - CORRECT ANSWER Increased expression of serotonin reuptake transporters" "What is clanging? - CORRECT ANSWER Word choice based on sound, not meaning, includes nonsense rhymes and puns" "What is validity? - CORRECT ANSWER - The degree to which a test measures what it says it measures. the peabody test said it measured intelligence. however, it only tests receptive vocabulary, so that's not valid." "What is pathway analysis? - CORRECT ANSWER Used to identify related proteins within a pathway or building pathway de novo from the proteins of interest - this is helpful studying differential expression of a gene in a disease" "How does contingency management work? - CORRECT ANSWER Contigency management is founded on operant conditioning, a concept that people learn and change based upon rewards and punishments for their behaviors. People respond positively to incentives and in the case of substance abuse treatment, this system of behavior modification has shown great success" "What is linkage analysis? - CORRECT ANSWER A genetic method that searches for chromosomal segments that cosegregate with the ailment phenotype through families and is the analysis technique that has been used to determine the bulk of lipodystrophy genes" "What s Harry Stack Sullivan known for? - CORRECT ANSWER - Interpersonal theory - The theory of personality which is based on the belief that people's interactions with other people, especially significant others, determine their sense of security, sense of self, and the dynamisms that motivate their behavior" "Which action do 4 year old kids engage in in terms of language skills? - CORRECT ANSWER Story telling using words - most children by the age of 4 years old, have developed sufficient language skills to be able to engage in story telling using words" "Which neurochemical abnormality has been associated in patients with depressive disorders? - CORRECT ANSWER Reduced circulating levels of GABA" "What is the difference between efficacy and effectiveness? - CORRECT ANSWER Efficacy can be defined as the performance of an intervention under idea and controlled circumstances, whereas effectiveness refers to its performance under "real-world" conditions (naturalistic investigations)" "What is efficiency in statistics? - CORRECT ANSWER Measure of quality of an estimator, of an experimental design. Essentially, a more efficient estimator, experiment, or test needs fewer observations than a less efficient one to achieve a given performance. (the number of times it takes to get to the result) - whereas efficacy, it is whether or not it works" "What is accuracy? - CORRECT ANSWER Closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value (whereas precision is how closely the same values are to each other)" "What is precision? - CORRECT ANSWER a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another (whereas accurate is if the average of data points are close to the real true value)" "What distinguishes Tourette syndrome from other tic disorders? - CORRECT ANSWER The presence of multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics" "What is the Simpson-Angus Rating Scale? - CORRECT ANSWER Measures drug induced Parkinsonism symptoms - Measures gait (hypokinesia), six items measuring rigidity, and three items measuring glabella tap, tremor and salivation, respectively." "In cognitive theory, what is a schema? - CORRECT ANSWER Mental structures that an individual uses to organize knowledge and guide cognitive processes and behaviour. People use schemata (the plural of schema) to categorize objects and events based on common elements and characteristics and thus interpret and predict the world. New information is processed according to how it fits into these mental structures, or rules. In social science, particularly in cognitive science, it is understood that humans retrieve knowledge from various areas to draw conclusions about missing or non-evidential information, such as during decision making or political evaluation." "What is compensatory strategy in cognitive theory? - CORRECT ANSWER Compensatory strategies are environmental modifications or behavioral strategiesdesigned to bypass persistent impairment in attention, memory, executive-function, and/or other cognitive skills as a means to achieve desired rehabilitation goals." "What is supportive psychotherapy? - CORRECT ANSWER The aim of supportive psychotherapy is to reduce or to relieve the intensity of manifested or presenting symptoms, distress or disability. It also reduces the extent of behavioral disruptions caused by the patient's psychic conflicts or disturbances" "What is myokymia? - CORRECT ANSWER Form of involuntary muscular movement, usually can be visualized on the skin as vermicular or continuous rippling movements." "What is selective abstraction? - CORRECT ANSWER a type of cognitive bias or cognitive distortion in which a detail is taken out of context and believed whilst everything else in the context is ignored. It commonly appears in Aaron T. Beck's work in cognitive therapy." "What is personalization? - CORRECT ANSWER A distortion where a person believes that everything others do or say is some kind of direct, personal reaction to them. ... A person who experiences this kind of thinking will also compare themselves to others, trying to determine who is smarter, better looking, etc" "What is the primary purpose of mental health courts? - CORRECT ANSWER Divert offender with mental illness away from incarceration" "What is isolation of affect? - CORRECT ANSWER a defense mechanism in which the individual screens out painful feelings by recalling a traumatic or painful event without experiencing the emotion associated with it." "Which disorder is associated with disruption of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit? - CORRECT ANSWER Obsessive compulsive The loop involves connections between the cortex, the basal ganglia, the thalamus, and back to the cortex. It is of particular relevance to hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, as well as to mental disorders of control, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD), and Tourette syndrome" "What is a hypnopompic hallucination? - CORRECT ANSWER Hypnopompic Hallucinations. Vivid dreamlike experiences—called hypnagogic or hypnopompic hallucinations—can seem real and are often frightening. They may be mistaken for nightmares, and they can occur while falling asleep (hypnagogic) or waking up (hypnopompic)." "What is a form of learned fear in which a person or an experimental animal learns to respond strongly not only to a harmful stimulus, but also to a subthreshold stimulus? - CORRECT ANSWER Sensitization" "What is a comorbid condition in children with autism spectrum? - CORRECT ANSWER Intellectual disability" "What are indels? - CORRECT ANSWER Small insertions and deletions in DNA sequence" "How many times should CBC be tested for patients taking clozapine? - CORRECT ANSWER Patients newly started on clozapine must have an FBC taken weekly for the first 18 weeks of treatment then biweekly for the next 34 weeks. After that they receive monthly monitoring for as long as they are taking clozapine" "Which vitamins have been effective as an adjunct to antidepressant medications for the treatment of depression? - CORRECT ANSWER D3" "Which assessment is the initial assessment of delirium in the geriatric population? - CORRECT ANSWER Confusion assessment method" "Which arterial stroke would result in an inability to read, but with preserved ability to write? - CORRECT ANSWER Posterior cerebral" "What is mentalization theory? - CORRECT ANSWER the ability to understand the mental state, of oneself or others, that underlies overt behaviour." "What is self psychology? - CORRECT ANSWER the effort is made to understand individuals from within their subjective experience via vicarious introspection, basing interpretations on the understanding of the self as the central agency of the human psyche. Empathy, selfobject, mirroring, idealising, alter ego/twinship and the tripolar self"