BIO 161 EXAM 5 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATED 2025
Skeletal System
✔✔ A living framework made of connective tissue, constantly balancing bone
formation and breakdown
Function of Bones
✔✔ Support, protection, and movement
Support
✔✔ Maintains posture and provides structural support for muscles and internal
organs
Protection
✔✔ Surrounds and shields vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs
Movement
✔✔ Provides anchor points for muscles, allowing body motion
Electrolyte & Acid/Base Balance
✔✔ Bones store and release minerals (like calcium and phosphate) to maintain ion
levels and help buffer pH in the bloodstream
Blood Cell Differentiation
✔✔ Bone marrow inside bones is the primary site for blood cell production
,Flat Bones
✔✔ Example: Scapula (shoulder blade)
Short Bones
✔✔ Example: Carpals (wrist bones)
Long Bones
✔✔ Example: Femur (thigh bone)
Irregular Bones
✔✔ Example: Vertebrae (spinal bones)
Diaphysis
✔✔ The long, central shaft of a long bone
Epiphysis
✔✔ The expanded ends of a long bone
Medullary Cavity
✔✔ The hollow interior of the diaphysis where bone marrow is produced
Endosteum
✔✔ The inner lining of the medullary cavity; contains bone-forming (osteogenic)
cells
Periosteum
✔✔ A tough outer layer that surrounds bones; includes fibrous and osteogenic
components
, Articular Cartilage
✔✔ Smooth cartilage covering bone surfaces at joints to reduce friction and absorb
shock
Matrix (Bone Matrix)
✔✔ The solid framework of bone containing spaces that allow vessels and bone
marrow to pass through
Spongy Bone Has ____ Spaces
✔✔ Many – porous structure for marrow and blood vessels
Compact Bone Has ____ Spaces
✔✔ Few – dense and strong with minimal open space
tissues in the bone - ANSWER✔✔cartilage (articulation with other bones),
epithelium (covers the bone), nerve (within the tissue), blood forming tissue (the
marrow), dense connective tissue, osseous tissue (the matrix)
osseous tissue - ANSWER✔✔type of connective tissue that has a solid matrix
connective tissues - ANSWER✔✔support and interconnect the parts of the body
components of connective tissue - ANSWER✔✔cells, fibers, ground substance
ground substance and fibers make up the matrix
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATED 2025
Skeletal System
✔✔ A living framework made of connective tissue, constantly balancing bone
formation and breakdown
Function of Bones
✔✔ Support, protection, and movement
Support
✔✔ Maintains posture and provides structural support for muscles and internal
organs
Protection
✔✔ Surrounds and shields vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs
Movement
✔✔ Provides anchor points for muscles, allowing body motion
Electrolyte & Acid/Base Balance
✔✔ Bones store and release minerals (like calcium and phosphate) to maintain ion
levels and help buffer pH in the bloodstream
Blood Cell Differentiation
✔✔ Bone marrow inside bones is the primary site for blood cell production
,Flat Bones
✔✔ Example: Scapula (shoulder blade)
Short Bones
✔✔ Example: Carpals (wrist bones)
Long Bones
✔✔ Example: Femur (thigh bone)
Irregular Bones
✔✔ Example: Vertebrae (spinal bones)
Diaphysis
✔✔ The long, central shaft of a long bone
Epiphysis
✔✔ The expanded ends of a long bone
Medullary Cavity
✔✔ The hollow interior of the diaphysis where bone marrow is produced
Endosteum
✔✔ The inner lining of the medullary cavity; contains bone-forming (osteogenic)
cells
Periosteum
✔✔ A tough outer layer that surrounds bones; includes fibrous and osteogenic
components
, Articular Cartilage
✔✔ Smooth cartilage covering bone surfaces at joints to reduce friction and absorb
shock
Matrix (Bone Matrix)
✔✔ The solid framework of bone containing spaces that allow vessels and bone
marrow to pass through
Spongy Bone Has ____ Spaces
✔✔ Many – porous structure for marrow and blood vessels
Compact Bone Has ____ Spaces
✔✔ Few – dense and strong with minimal open space
tissues in the bone - ANSWER✔✔cartilage (articulation with other bones),
epithelium (covers the bone), nerve (within the tissue), blood forming tissue (the
marrow), dense connective tissue, osseous tissue (the matrix)
osseous tissue - ANSWER✔✔type of connective tissue that has a solid matrix
connective tissues - ANSWER✔✔support and interconnect the parts of the body
components of connective tissue - ANSWER✔✔cells, fibers, ground substance
ground substance and fibers make up the matrix
