,Chapter 01: Basic Terms and Concepts of Mechanical Ventilation
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Cairo: Pilbeam’s Mechanical Ventilation: Physiological and Clinical Applications, 7th Edition
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MULTIPLE CHOICE gh
1. The body’s mechanism for conducting air in and out of the lungs is known as which of the following?
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a. External respiration gh
b. Internal respiration gh
c. Spontaneous ventilation gh
d. Mechanical ventilation gh
ANS: g h C
The conduction of air in and out of the body is known as ventilation. Since the question asks for the
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body’s mechanism, this would be spontaneous ventilation. External respiration involves the exchange of
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oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries. Internal
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respiration occurs at the cellular level and involves movement of oxygen from the systemic blood into the
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cells.
gh
REF: g h g h pg. 2 gh
2. Which of the following are involved in external respiration?
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a. Red blood cells and body cells
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b. Scalenes and trapezius muscles gh gh gh
c. Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries gh gh gh
d. External oblique and transverse abdominal muscles
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ANS: g h C
External respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the alveoli and the
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pulmonary capillaries. Internal respiration occurs at the cellular level and involves movement of oxygen
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from the systemic blood into the cells. Scalene and trapezius muscles are accessory muscles of inspiration.
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External oblique and transverse abdominal muscles are accessory muscles of expiration.
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REF: g h g h pg. 2 gh
3. The graph that shows intrapleural pressure changes during normal spontaneous breathing is depicted by
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gh which of the following?
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a.
, b.
c.
d.
ANS: g h B
During spontaneous breathing, the intrapleural pressure drops from about 5 cm H2O at end- expiration to about
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gh10 cm H2O at end-inspiration. The graph depicted for answer B shows that change from 5 cm H2O to 10
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cm H2O.
gh gh
REF: g h g h pg. 3 gh
4. During spontaneous inspiration alveolar pressure (PA) is about:
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh .
a. 1 cm H2O gh gh
b. +1 cm H2O
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c. 0 cm H2O gh gh
d. 5 cm H2O gh gh
ANS: g h A
1 cm H2O is the lowest alveolar pressure will become during normal spontaneous ventilation. During the
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gh exhalation of a normal spontaneous breath the alveolar pressure will become +1 cm H2O.
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REF: g h g h pg. 4 gh
5. The pressure required to maintain alveolar inflation is known as which of the following?
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a. Transairway pressure (PTA) gh gh
b. Transthoracic pressure (PTT) gh gh
c. Transrespiratory pressure (PTR) gh gh
d. Transpulmonary pressure (PL) gh gh
ANS: g h D
, The definition of transpulmonary pressure (PL) is the pressure required to maintain alveolar inflation.
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Transairway pressure (PTA) is the pressure gradient required to produce airflow in the conducting tubes.
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
Transrespiratory pressure (PTR) is the pressure to inflate the lungs and airways during positive-pressure
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
ventilation. Transthoracic pressure (PTT) represents the pressure required to expand or contract the lungs and
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the chest wall at the same time.
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REF: g h g h pg. 4 gh
6. Calculate the pressure needed to overcome airway resistance during positive-pressure ventilation when the
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proximal airway pressure (PAw) is 35 cm H2O and the alveolar pressure (PA) is 5 cm H2O.
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a. 7 cm H2O gh gh
b. 30 cm H2O gh gh
c. 40 cm H2O gh gh
d. 175 cm H2O gh gh
ANS: g h B
The transairway pressure (PTA) is used to calculate the pressure required to overcome airway resistance during
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mechanical ventilation. This formula is PTA = Paw - PA.
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REF: g h g h pg. 4 gh
7. The term used to describe the tendency of a structure to return to its original form after being stretched or
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acted on by an outside force is which of the following?
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a. Elastance
b. Compliance
c. Viscous resistance gh
d. Distending pressure gh
ANS: g h A
The elastance of a structure is the tendency of that structure to return to its original shape after being
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stretched. The more elastance a structure has, the more difficult it is to stretch. The compliance of a
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structure is the ease with which the structure distends or stretches.
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Compliance is the opposite of elastance. Viscous resistance is the opposition to movement offered by
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adjacent structures such as the lungs and their adjacent organs. Distending pressure is pressure required to
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maintain inflation, for example, alveolar distending pressure.
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REF: g h g h pg. 5 gh
8. Calculate the pressure required to achieve a tidal volume of 400 mL for an intubated patient with a
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respiratory system compliance of 15 mL/cm H2O.
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a. 6 cm H2O gh gh
b. 26.7 cm H2O gh gh
c. 37.5 cm H2O gh gh
d. 41.5 cm H2O gh gh
ANS: g h B
C = V/ P then P = V/ C
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REF: g h g h pg. 5 gh
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
Cairo: Pilbeam’s Mechanical Ventilation: Physiological and Clinical Applications, 7th Edition
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
MULTIPLE CHOICE gh
1. The body’s mechanism for conducting air in and out of the lungs is known as which of the following?
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
a. External respiration gh
b. Internal respiration gh
c. Spontaneous ventilation gh
d. Mechanical ventilation gh
ANS: g h C
The conduction of air in and out of the body is known as ventilation. Since the question asks for the
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
body’s mechanism, this would be spontaneous ventilation. External respiration involves the exchange of
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries. Internal
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
respiration occurs at the cellular level and involves movement of oxygen from the systemic blood into the
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
cells.
gh
REF: g h g h pg. 2 gh
2. Which of the following are involved in external respiration?
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
a. Red blood cells and body cells
gh gh gh gh gh
b. Scalenes and trapezius muscles gh gh gh
c. Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries gh gh gh
d. External oblique and transverse abdominal muscles
gh gh gh gh gh
ANS: g h C
External respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the alveoli and the
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
pulmonary capillaries. Internal respiration occurs at the cellular level and involves movement of oxygen
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
from the systemic blood into the cells. Scalene and trapezius muscles are accessory muscles of inspiration.
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
External oblique and transverse abdominal muscles are accessory muscles of expiration.
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
REF: g h g h pg. 2 gh
3. The graph that shows intrapleural pressure changes during normal spontaneous breathing is depicted by
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
gh which of the following?
gh gh gh
a.
, b.
c.
d.
ANS: g h B
During spontaneous breathing, the intrapleural pressure drops from about 5 cm H2O at end- expiration to about
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
gh10 cm H2O at end-inspiration. The graph depicted for answer B shows that change from 5 cm H2O to 10
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cm H2O.
gh gh
REF: g h g h pg. 3 gh
4. During spontaneous inspiration alveolar pressure (PA) is about:
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh .
a. 1 cm H2O gh gh
b. +1 cm H2O
g h g h gh gh
c. 0 cm H2O gh gh
d. 5 cm H2O gh gh
ANS: g h A
1 cm H2O is the lowest alveolar pressure will become during normal spontaneous ventilation. During the
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
gh exhalation of a normal spontaneous breath the alveolar pressure will become +1 cm H2O.
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
REF: g h g h pg. 4 gh
5. The pressure required to maintain alveolar inflation is known as which of the following?
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
a. Transairway pressure (PTA) gh gh
b. Transthoracic pressure (PTT) gh gh
c. Transrespiratory pressure (PTR) gh gh
d. Transpulmonary pressure (PL) gh gh
ANS: g h D
, The definition of transpulmonary pressure (PL) is the pressure required to maintain alveolar inflation.
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
Transairway pressure (PTA) is the pressure gradient required to produce airflow in the conducting tubes.
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
Transrespiratory pressure (PTR) is the pressure to inflate the lungs and airways during positive-pressure
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
ventilation. Transthoracic pressure (PTT) represents the pressure required to expand or contract the lungs and
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
the chest wall at the same time.
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
REF: g h g h pg. 4 gh
6. Calculate the pressure needed to overcome airway resistance during positive-pressure ventilation when the
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
proximal airway pressure (PAw) is 35 cm H2O and the alveolar pressure (PA) is 5 cm H2O.
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
a. 7 cm H2O gh gh
b. 30 cm H2O gh gh
c. 40 cm H2O gh gh
d. 175 cm H2O gh gh
ANS: g h B
The transairway pressure (PTA) is used to calculate the pressure required to overcome airway resistance during
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
mechanical ventilation. This formula is PTA = Paw - PA.
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
REF: g h g h pg. 4 gh
7. The term used to describe the tendency of a structure to return to its original form after being stretched or
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
acted on by an outside force is which of the following?
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
a. Elastance
b. Compliance
c. Viscous resistance gh
d. Distending pressure gh
ANS: g h A
The elastance of a structure is the tendency of that structure to return to its original shape after being
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
stretched. The more elastance a structure has, the more difficult it is to stretch. The compliance of a
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
structure is the ease with which the structure distends or stretches.
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
Compliance is the opposite of elastance. Viscous resistance is the opposition to movement offered by
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
adjacent structures such as the lungs and their adjacent organs. Distending pressure is pressure required to
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
maintain inflation, for example, alveolar distending pressure.
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
REF: g h g h pg. 5 gh
8. Calculate the pressure required to achieve a tidal volume of 400 mL for an intubated patient with a
gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh gh
respiratory system compliance of 15 mL/cm H2O.
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a. 6 cm H2O gh gh
b. 26.7 cm H2O gh gh
c. 37.5 cm H2O gh gh
d. 41.5 cm H2O gh gh
ANS: g h B
C = V/ P then P = V/ C
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REF: g h g h pg. 5 gh
