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Class notes and study guides Biochemistry (BIOSC1000)

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This comprehensive biochemistry notes bundle covers all major topics typically found in an undergraduate-level course. Designed for easy understanding and quick review, these notes break down complex concepts into simple, digestible explanations—perfect for studying before exams or reinforcing lecture material. Includes: Metabolism (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation) Macromolecules: Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids Enzyme kinetics & mechanisms DNA replication, transcription, and translation pH, buffers, and acid-base chemistry Signal transduction pathways Vitamin and coenzyme functions

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,Glycolysa starting CHzOH
Enzyme/Catalyst ·


Input Output Intermediate
CHzOPOS
1) 8
hexokinase No
po po poHo po 8


H
H It H




8 It OH 8 It OH
H OH

H OH H OH


Glucose ATD ADP (G6P)
Glucose-6-Phosphate
CH2OPOS3 -pro
2) It 8
i
·




Glucose Phosphate N/A N/A
-


!
Chay CH20l




H OH Isomerase Cisomerization) H
H OH



Glucose-6-Phosphate (G6P)
fructose-6-Phosphate (F64)
Pozn
upo
3) !
Chry CH20

PFK-I No
po po poHo po
6 Che
O
Ou




H 8 It OH 8 It OH
Hpo -
,




fructose-6-Phosphate (F64) ATD ADP fructose-1 6-bisphosphate (F1GBP)
,




Pozn
0
4)
CH ,OPOzz-

Chay Oh
Aldolase N/A N/A c H-0

-
seavage)
Ho-k I
fructose-1 6-bisphosphate (F1GBP)
,
Dihydroxyaceture Phosphate (DHAP] Glyceraldehyde
3 -




Phosphate(GART




5) % CHOPOS
trose Phosphate N/A N/A H-0

Ho-k Isomerase llsomerization) I
Dihydroxyaceture Phosphate (DHAP) Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate (GAPY
+

6)H0 3-P NAD + NADH H 84 0poy"

glyavaldehyde
+ -




I dehydrogenase (G3PDH) (practice structure) H-c
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate (GAPY 3- Bisphosphoglycerate (1 3-BPG)
1, ,




7)or a oa po po oa °
0-
-

phosphoglycerate kinase po
·
Ho




8H OH 8 It OH H-c
1,
3- Bisphosphoglycerate (1 3-BPG) ADP ATD
5-Phosphoglycerate (34G)
,




°
0-


8) °
- 0-
-


Phosphoglycerate nutase N/A N/A
H-c Crarangement
H-POST
5-Phosphoglycerate (34G) 2-Phosphoglycert (2PG)

9)
-




80
Enolase N/A N/A C




(dehydration) Dops t


2-Phosphoglycert (2PG) PhosphoenolPyrak (PEP)




&
10) %10-
pro po na po po oa
C


Pyruvate
Ho Ho

Kinase
Dops t


ADP
8H OH 8 It OH




PhosphoenolPyrak (PEP) ATD

Pyruvate

, Step s Input
Enzyme/Catalyst Output Intermediate
Starting
1)
Coo
-




Slot Citrate
Synthase none
2 coo none
0 :
altz
k 0 =
+
Ha -

coo
o - 2-coo-
CHz It cltz
coo-
Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate
Citrate
Coo H
-




2) altz Aconitase none none # 0 -
C
I
-

coo-

-2 coo
-




C
-




Ho
(isoncrase) H COO
-
- -




cltz
coo- H 2 -

100-
,



Citrate Isocitrate

H
3) 100
-




C coo- +
# 0
NAD NADH H
-




Isocitrati
-



+ +
I

C
Cltz
dehydrogenase
-




GUz
H
- -

COO


H
,
2 -


100-
It
-
Isocitrate


-Ketoglutarate
4) X-Retoglutarate
200- NADr NADI + If t
-




200


altz
dehydrogenase CO2
It it
- s-cot
-Ketoglutarate Succinyl cot




topoppi
-




200
-



COO
P
5) altz cat iltz
Sainyl
it synthase aor
-
a
i CHtz
coo-
GDP Pi
s-cot
+




cot Succinate
Succinyl
Coo
-
-




COO
6 Succinate FAD FADHz cit
iltz

- denydrogenase 200
+




Succinate Funrate
91 10 -
Coo
-




,

7) cit funcrase HyW none Ho - Ch
+

200 cltz

Funrate
-
-
Malath


91 10 -
8
,

Ch malate NAD NADH H
+ C
-



+ + 0 =
-


100
Ho -




cltz It a coo-



dehydrogenase
-




,




-
-
Malath Ovoaloacetate

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