PN3 Exam 3 UPDATED ACTUAL Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Causes for hyponatremia? - CORRECT ANSWER - Deficient ECF volume, vomitting,
NG suction, diarrhea, tap water enemas, GI obstruction, kidney disease, diuretics, adrenal
insufficiency, excessive sweating, burns, wound drainage, ascites, execessive water intake,
SIADH, ADH, heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, shock, inflammatory process, and
inadequate sodium intake.
Causes of hypercalcemia? - CORRECT ANSWER - hyperparathyroidism, malignancies,
immobility or lack of weight bearing exercises, thiazides/lithium, decreased phosphorus,
multiple fractures, excess vitamin D
Causes of hyperkalemia? - CORRECT ANSWER - PO/IV K+ administ., salt substitute,
ECF shift, decreased insulin, acidosis, DKA, tissue breakdown(sepsis, trauma, MI, surgery,
fever), uncontrolled DM, decreased excretion of potassium (renal failure, dehydration,
potassium-sparing, diuretics, ACE, NSAIDs, adrenal insufficiency.
Causes of hypermagnesemia? - CORRECT ANSWER - kidney failure, adrenal
insufficiency, laxatives or antacids containing mag.
Causes of hypernatremia? - CORRECT ANSWER - Excessive NA intake, hypertonic
solutions, heat stroke, near drowning is salt water, diabetes insipidus, hyperglycemia, diarrhea,
diaphoresis, burns, excess sodium retention(cushings, glucocorticoids, aldosteroneism).
causes of hypocalcemia? - CORRECT ANSWER - lactose intolerance, malabsoprtion
syndromes (crohns disease), hypoalbuminemia, End-stage kidney disease, thyroidectomy,
hypoparathyroidism, inadequate intake of calcium, vit. D deficiency, pancreatitis,
hyperphosphatemia, sepsis.
Causes of hypokalemia? - CORRECT ANSWER - abnormal GI losses, vomitting, NG
suctioning, diarrhea, inappropriate laxative use, alcoholism, dig tox, diuretics, diaphoresis,
wounds, lots of IV fluids, TPN, burns.
, Causes of hypomagnesemia? - CORRECT ANSWER - diarrhea, GI suction, thiazide or
loop diuretics, malnutrition, alcohol use, laxative use
Causes of metabolic acidosis? - CORRECT ANSWER - kidney disease, aspirin overdose,
severe dehydration, prolonged lack of oxygen to tissues, salicylate meds, liver failure, cancer,
alcohol, severe diarrhea.
Causes of respiratory acidosis? - CORRECT ANSWER - decreased respirations, drug
overdose, COPD, pneumonia, atelectasis, neuromuscular diseases, OSA, CNS depression.
Causes of respiratory alkalosis? - CORRECT ANSWER - hyperventilation,
hypermetabolic state, pergnancy, hypoexmia, and PE
Education on prevention of cardiogenic shock? - CORRECT ANSWER - Educate to
prevent MI (exercise, diet, and quit smoking)
How do we know if we have adequate perfusion? - CORRECT ANSWER - O2 sat, LOC,
pulses, skin color, ABG's, Respiratory assessments, Cardio assessments, normal rate and
rhythym of heart, normal RBCs and Hgb, adequate fluid balance, adequate BP and CVP, UO
Interventions for cardiogenic shock? - CORRECT ANSWER - O2, potential mechanical
vent, balloon pump to increase perfusion, decreased cardiac workload, dobutamine to increase
CO and contractility, dopamine and norepinephrine to increase afterload and BP, nitro and
furosemide to decrease pre-load and pulmonary ocngestion.
Interventions for hypokalemia? - CORRECT ANSWER - replace K+, cardiac monitoring,
assess neuro and cardiac status, muscle tone and reflex, bowel sounds, respiratory
interventions for hypovolemic shock? - CORRECT ANSWER - restore intravascular
volume, correct metabolic acidosis, treat cause, reassess perfusion, urine output, and vital signs.
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Causes for hyponatremia? - CORRECT ANSWER - Deficient ECF volume, vomitting,
NG suction, diarrhea, tap water enemas, GI obstruction, kidney disease, diuretics, adrenal
insufficiency, excessive sweating, burns, wound drainage, ascites, execessive water intake,
SIADH, ADH, heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, shock, inflammatory process, and
inadequate sodium intake.
Causes of hypercalcemia? - CORRECT ANSWER - hyperparathyroidism, malignancies,
immobility or lack of weight bearing exercises, thiazides/lithium, decreased phosphorus,
multiple fractures, excess vitamin D
Causes of hyperkalemia? - CORRECT ANSWER - PO/IV K+ administ., salt substitute,
ECF shift, decreased insulin, acidosis, DKA, tissue breakdown(sepsis, trauma, MI, surgery,
fever), uncontrolled DM, decreased excretion of potassium (renal failure, dehydration,
potassium-sparing, diuretics, ACE, NSAIDs, adrenal insufficiency.
Causes of hypermagnesemia? - CORRECT ANSWER - kidney failure, adrenal
insufficiency, laxatives or antacids containing mag.
Causes of hypernatremia? - CORRECT ANSWER - Excessive NA intake, hypertonic
solutions, heat stroke, near drowning is salt water, diabetes insipidus, hyperglycemia, diarrhea,
diaphoresis, burns, excess sodium retention(cushings, glucocorticoids, aldosteroneism).
causes of hypocalcemia? - CORRECT ANSWER - lactose intolerance, malabsoprtion
syndromes (crohns disease), hypoalbuminemia, End-stage kidney disease, thyroidectomy,
hypoparathyroidism, inadequate intake of calcium, vit. D deficiency, pancreatitis,
hyperphosphatemia, sepsis.
Causes of hypokalemia? - CORRECT ANSWER - abnormal GI losses, vomitting, NG
suctioning, diarrhea, inappropriate laxative use, alcoholism, dig tox, diuretics, diaphoresis,
wounds, lots of IV fluids, TPN, burns.
, Causes of hypomagnesemia? - CORRECT ANSWER - diarrhea, GI suction, thiazide or
loop diuretics, malnutrition, alcohol use, laxative use
Causes of metabolic acidosis? - CORRECT ANSWER - kidney disease, aspirin overdose,
severe dehydration, prolonged lack of oxygen to tissues, salicylate meds, liver failure, cancer,
alcohol, severe diarrhea.
Causes of respiratory acidosis? - CORRECT ANSWER - decreased respirations, drug
overdose, COPD, pneumonia, atelectasis, neuromuscular diseases, OSA, CNS depression.
Causes of respiratory alkalosis? - CORRECT ANSWER - hyperventilation,
hypermetabolic state, pergnancy, hypoexmia, and PE
Education on prevention of cardiogenic shock? - CORRECT ANSWER - Educate to
prevent MI (exercise, diet, and quit smoking)
How do we know if we have adequate perfusion? - CORRECT ANSWER - O2 sat, LOC,
pulses, skin color, ABG's, Respiratory assessments, Cardio assessments, normal rate and
rhythym of heart, normal RBCs and Hgb, adequate fluid balance, adequate BP and CVP, UO
Interventions for cardiogenic shock? - CORRECT ANSWER - O2, potential mechanical
vent, balloon pump to increase perfusion, decreased cardiac workload, dobutamine to increase
CO and contractility, dopamine and norepinephrine to increase afterload and BP, nitro and
furosemide to decrease pre-load and pulmonary ocngestion.
Interventions for hypokalemia? - CORRECT ANSWER - replace K+, cardiac monitoring,
assess neuro and cardiac status, muscle tone and reflex, bowel sounds, respiratory
interventions for hypovolemic shock? - CORRECT ANSWER - restore intravascular
volume, correct metabolic acidosis, treat cause, reassess perfusion, urine output, and vital signs.
