RNj NCLEXj QUESTIONSj ANDj ANSWERS
Ajnursejisjcaringjforjanjolderjadultjclientjwhojhasjajnewjdiagnosisjofjtypej2jdiabetesjmellitusjandjreportsjdif
ficultyjfollowingjthejdietjandjrememberingjtojtakejthejprescribedjmedication.
Whichjofjthejfollowingjactionsjshouldjthejnursejtakejtojpromotejclientjcompliance?j(SATA)
A. Askjthejdietitianjtojassistjwithjmealjplanning
B. Contactjthejclient'sjsupportjsystem
C. Assessjforjage-relatedjcognitivejawareness
D. Encouragejthejusejofjajdailyjmedicationjdispenser
E. Providejeducationaljmaterialsjforjhomejusej-janswerA,jB,jD,jE
AjclientjwithjdiabetesjmellitusjhasjajglycosylatedjhemoglobinjA1cjleveljofj8%.jOnjthejbasisjofjthisjtestjre
sult,jthejnursejplansjtojteachjthejclientjaboutjthejneedjforjwhichjmeasure?
A. Avoidingjinfection
B. Takingjinjadequatejfluids
C. Preventingjandjrecognizingjhypoglycemia
D. Preventingjandjrecognizingjhyperglycemiaj-
answerDjRationale:
j
ThejnormaljreferencejrangejforjthejglycosylatedjhemoglobinjA1cjisjlessjthanj6.0%.jThisjtestjmeasuresjt
hejamountjofjglucosejthatjhasjbecomejpermanentlyjboundjtojthejredjbloodjcellsjfromjcirculatingjgluc
ose.jErythrocytesjlivejforjaboutj120jdays,jgivingjfeedbackjaboutjbloodjglucosejforjthejpastj120jdays.jElev
ationsjinjthejbloodjglucosejleveljwilljcausejelevationsjinjthejamountjofjglycosylation.jThus,jthejtestjisju
sefuljinjidentifyingjclientsjwhojhavejperiodsjofjhyperglycemiajthatjarejundetectedjinjotherjways.jTheje
stimatedjaveragejglucosejforjajglycosylatedjhemoglobinjA1cjofj8%jisj205jmg/dLj(11.42jmmol/L).jElevatio
nsjindicatejcontinuedjneedjforjteachingjrelatedjtojthejpreventionjofjhyperglycemicjepisodes.
Thejnursejisjinstructingjajclientjhowjtojperformjajtesticularjself-
examinationj(TSE).jThejnursejshouldjexplainjthatjwhichjisjthejbestjtimejtojperformjthisjexam?
A. Afterjajshowerjorjbath
B. Whilejstandingjtojvoid
C. Afterjhavingjajboweljmovement
D. Whilejlyingjinjbedjbeforejarisingj-
answerAjRationale:
j
,ThejnursejneedsjtojteachjthejclientjhowjtojperformjajTSE.jThejnursejshouldjinstructjthejclientjtojperfor
mjthejexamjonjthejsamejdayjeachjmonth.jThejnursejshouldjalsojinstructjthejclientjthatjthejbestjtimejtoj
performjajTSEjisjafterjajshowerjorjbathjwhenjthejhandsjarejwarmjandjsoapyjandjthejscrotumjisjwarm.jP
alpationjisjeasierjandjthejclientjwilljbejbetterjablejtojidentifyjanyjabnormalities.jThejclientjwouldjstand
jto jperform jthe jexam, jbutjitjwouldjbe jdifficultjto jperformjthe jexamjwhilejvoiding.jHavingjajboweljmov
ementjisjunrelatedjtojperformingjajTSE.
Thejclinicjnursejpreparesjtojperformjajfocusedjassessmentjonjajclientjwhojisjcomplainingjofjsymptom
sjofjajcold,jajcough,jandjlungjcongestion.jWhichjshouldjthejnursejincludejforjthisjtypejofjassessment?jSe
lectjalljthatjapply.
A. Auscultatingjlungjsounds
B. Obtainingjthejclient'sjtemperature
C. Assessingjthejstrengthjofjperipheraljpulses
D. Obtainingjinformationjaboutjthejclient'sjrespirations
E. Performingjajmusculoskeletaljandjneurologicaljexamination
F. Askingjthejclientjaboutjajfamilyjhistoryjofjanyjillnessjorjdiseasej-
answerA,jB,jDjRationale:
j
Ajfocusedjassessmentjfocusesjonjajlimitedjorjshort-
termjproblem,jsuchjasjthejclient'sjcomplaint.jBecausejthejclientjisjcomplainingjofjsymptomsjofjajcold,ja
jcough,jandjlungjcongestion,jthe jnursejwouldjfocusjonjthe jrespiratoryjsystem jandjthe jpresencejofjanjin
fection.jAjcompletejassessmentjincludesjajcompletejhealthjhistoryjandjphysicaljexaminationjandjfor
msjajbaselinejdatabase.
Assessingjthejstrengthjofjperipheraljpulsesjrelatesjtojajvascularjassessment,jwhichjisjnotjrelatedjtojthis
jclient's jcomplaints. jAjmusculoskeletal jandjneurological jexaminationjalsojisjnotjrelatedjto jthisjclient's
jcomplaints. jHowever, jstrength jofjperipheraljpulsesjandjajmusculoskeletaljandjneurological jexaminat
ionjwouldjbejincludedjinjajcompletejassessment.jLikewise,jaskingjthejclientjaboutjajfamilyjhistoryjofja
nyjillnessjorjdiseasejwouldjbejincludedjinjajcompletejassessment.
ThejclinicjnursejisjpreparingjtojexplainjthejconceptsjofjKohlberg'sjtheoryjofjmoraljdevelopmentjwit
hjajparent.jThejnursejshouldjtelljthejparentjthatjwhichjfactorjmotivatesjgoodjandjbadjactionsjforjthej
childjatjthejpreconventionaljlevel?
A. Peerjpressure
B. Socialjpressure
C. Parents'jbehavior
D. Punishmentjandjrewardj-
answerDjRationale:
j
Injthejpreconventionaljstage,jmoralsjarejthoughtjtojbejmotivatedjbyjpunishmentjandjreward.jIfjthejchi
ldjisjobedientjandjisjnotjpunished,jthenjthejchildjisjbeingjmoral.jThejchildjseesjactionsjasjgoodjorjbad.j
Ifjthejchild'sjactionsjarejgood,jthejchildjisjpraised.jIfjthejchild'sjactionsjarejbad,jthejchildjis
,punished.jOptionsj1,j2,jandj3jarejnotjassociatedjfactorsjforjthisjstagejofjmoraljdevelopment.
Thejmaternityjnursejisjprovidingjinstructionsjtojajnewjmotherjregardingjthejpsychosocialjdevelopmentjo
fjthejnewbornjinfant.jUsingjErikson'sjpsychosocialjdevelopmentjtheory,jthejnursejinstructsjthejmotherjtoj
takejwhichjmeasure?
A. Allowjthejnewbornjinfantjtojsignaljajneed.
B. Anticipatejalljneedsjofjthejnewbornjinfant.
C. Attendjtojthejnewbornjinfantjimmediatelyjwhenjcrying.
D. Avoidjthejnewbornjinfantjduringjthejfirstj10jminutesjofjcrying.j-janswerA
Rationale:AccordingjtojErikson,jthejcaregiverjshouldjnotjtryjtojanticipatejthejnewbornjinfant'sjneedsja
tjalljtimesjbutjmustjallowjthejnewbornjinfantjtojsignaljneeds.jIfjajnewbornjinfantjisjnotjallowedjtojsigna
ljajneed,jthejnewbornjwilljnotjlearnjhowjtojcontroljthejenvironment.jEriksonjbelievedjthatjajdelayedjo
rjprolongedjresponsejtojajnewbornjinfant'sjsignaljwouldjinhibitjthejdevelopmentjofjtrustjandjleadjtoj
mistrustjofjothers.
AjnursingjstudentjisjpresentingjajclinicaljconferencejtojpeersjregardingjFreud'sjpsychosexualjstagesj
ofjdevelopment,jspecificallyjthejanaljstage.jThejstudentjexplainsjtojthejgroupjthatjwhichjcharacteristi
cjrelatesjtojthejanaljstage?
A. Thisjstagejisjassociatedjwithjtoiletjtraining.
B. Thisjstagejisjcharacterizedjbyjthejgratificationjofjself.
C. Thisjstagejisjcharacterizedjbyjajtaperingjoffjofjconsciousjbiologicaljandjsexualjurges.
D. Thisjstagejisjassociatedjwithjpleasurablejandjconflictingjfeelingsjaboutjthejgenitaljorgans.j-
janswerA
Rationale:
Injgeneral,jtoiletjtrainingjoccursjduringjthejanaljstage.jAccordingjtojFreud,jthejchildjgainsjpleasurejfromjth
ejeliminationjofjfecesjandjfromjtheirjretention.jOptionj2jrelatesjtojthejoraljstage.jOptionj3jrelatesjtojthejlat
encyjperiod.jOptionj4jrelatesjtojthejphallicjstage.
ThejnursejisjdescribingjPiaget'sjcognitivejdevelopmentaljtheoryjtojpediatricjnursingjstaff.jThejnu
rsejshouldjtelljthatjstaffjthatjwhichjchildjbehaviorjisjcharacteristicjofjthejformaljoperationsjstage?
A. Thejchildjhasjthejabilityjtojthinkjabstractly.
B. Thejchildjbeginsjtojunderstandjthejenvironment.
C. Thejchildjisjablejtojclassify,jorder,jandjsortjfacts.
D. Thejchildjlearnsjtojthinkjinjtermsjofjpast,jpresent,jandjfuture.j-
answerAjRationale:
j
, Injthejformaljoperationsjstage,jthejchildjhasjthejabilityjtojthinkjabstractlyjandjlogically.jOptionj2jidentifiesj
thejsensorimotorjstage.jOptionj3jidentifiesjthejconcretejoperationaljstage.jOptionj4jidentifiesjthejpreope
rationaljstage.
Thejmotherjofjanj8-year-
oldjchildjtellsjthejclinicjnursejthatjshejisjconcernedjaboutjthejchildjbecausejthejchildjseemsjtojbejmor
ejattentivejtojfriendsjthanjanythingjelse.jUsingjErikson'sjpsychosocialjdevelopmentjtheory,jthejnurs
ejshouldjmakejwhichjresponse?
A. "Youjneedjtojbejconcerned."
B. "Youjneedjtojmonitorjthejchild'sjbehaviorjclosely."
C. "Atjthisjage,jthejchildjisjdevelopingjhisjownjpersonality."
D. "Youjneedjtojprovidejmorejpraisejtojthejchildjtojstopjthisjbehavior."j-janswerC
Rationale:AccordingjtojErikson,jduringjschool-
agejyearsj(6jtoj12jyearsjofjage),jthejchildjbeginsjtojmovejtowardjpeersjandjfriendsjandjawayjfromjthejpar
entsjforjsupport.jThejchildjalsojbeginsjtojdevelopjspecialjinterestsjthatjreflectjhisjorjherjownjdevelopin
gjpersonalityjinsteadjofjthejparents'.jTherefore,joptionsj1,j2,jandj4jarejincorrectjresponses.
Thejnursejeducatorjisjpreparingjtojconductjajteachingjsessionjforjthejnursingjstaffjregardingjthejtheoriesj
ofjgrowthjandjdevelopmentjandjplansjtojdiscussjKohlberg'sjtheoryjofjmoraljdevelopment.jWhatjinformati
onjshouldjthejnursejincludejinjthejsession?jSelectjalljthatjapply
A. Individualsjmovejthroughjallj6jstagesjinjajsequentialjfashion.
B. Moraljdevelopmentjprogressesjinjrelationshipjtojcognitivejdevelopment.
C. Ajperson'sjabilityjtojmakejmoraljjudgmentsjdevelopsjoverjajperiodjofjtime.
D. Thejtheoryjprovidesjajframeworkjforjunderstandingjhowjindividualsjdeterminejajmoraljcodejtojgui
dejtheirjbehavior.
E. Injstagej1j(punishment-
obediencejorientation),jchildrenjarejexpectedjtojreasonjasjmaturejmembersjofjsociety.
F. Injstagej2j(instrumental-
relativistjorientation),jthejchildjconformsjtojrulesjtojobtainjrewardsjorjhavejfavorsjreturned.j-
janswerB, jC,jD,jF
Rationale:
Kohlberg'sjtheoryjstatesjthatjindividualsjmovejthroughjstagesjofjdevelopmentjinjajsequentialjfashionj
butjthatjnotjeveryonejreachesjstagesj5jandj6jinjhisjorjherjdevelopmentjofjpersonaljmorality.jThejtheor
yjprovidesjajframeworkjforjunderstandingjhowjindividualsjdeterminejajmoraljcodejtojguidejtheirjbeh
avior.jItjstatesjthatjmoraljdevelopmentjprogressesjinjrelationshipjtojcognitivejdevelopmentjandjthatjaj
person'sjabilityjtojmakejmoraljjudgmentsjdevelopsjoverjajperiodjofjtime.jInjstagej1,jagesj2jtoj3jyearsj(pu
nishment-
obediencejorientation),jchildrenjcannotjreasonjasjmaturejmembersjofjsociety.jInjstagej2,jagesj4jtoj7jye
arsj(instrumental-
relativistjorientation),jthejchildjconformsjtojrulesjtojobtainjrewardsjorjhavejfavorsjreturned.
Ajparentjofjaj3-year-oldjtellsjajclinicjnursejthatjthejchildjisjrebellingjconstantlyjandjhavingjtemper
Ajnursejisjcaringjforjanjolderjadultjclientjwhojhasjajnewjdiagnosisjofjtypej2jdiabetesjmellitusjandjreportsjdif
ficultyjfollowingjthejdietjandjrememberingjtojtakejthejprescribedjmedication.
Whichjofjthejfollowingjactionsjshouldjthejnursejtakejtojpromotejclientjcompliance?j(SATA)
A. Askjthejdietitianjtojassistjwithjmealjplanning
B. Contactjthejclient'sjsupportjsystem
C. Assessjforjage-relatedjcognitivejawareness
D. Encouragejthejusejofjajdailyjmedicationjdispenser
E. Providejeducationaljmaterialsjforjhomejusej-janswerA,jB,jD,jE
AjclientjwithjdiabetesjmellitusjhasjajglycosylatedjhemoglobinjA1cjleveljofj8%.jOnjthejbasisjofjthisjtestjre
sult,jthejnursejplansjtojteachjthejclientjaboutjthejneedjforjwhichjmeasure?
A. Avoidingjinfection
B. Takingjinjadequatejfluids
C. Preventingjandjrecognizingjhypoglycemia
D. Preventingjandjrecognizingjhyperglycemiaj-
answerDjRationale:
j
ThejnormaljreferencejrangejforjthejglycosylatedjhemoglobinjA1cjisjlessjthanj6.0%.jThisjtestjmeasuresjt
hejamountjofjglucosejthatjhasjbecomejpermanentlyjboundjtojthejredjbloodjcellsjfromjcirculatingjgluc
ose.jErythrocytesjlivejforjaboutj120jdays,jgivingjfeedbackjaboutjbloodjglucosejforjthejpastj120jdays.jElev
ationsjinjthejbloodjglucosejleveljwilljcausejelevationsjinjthejamountjofjglycosylation.jThus,jthejtestjisju
sefuljinjidentifyingjclientsjwhojhavejperiodsjofjhyperglycemiajthatjarejundetectedjinjotherjways.jTheje
stimatedjaveragejglucosejforjajglycosylatedjhemoglobinjA1cjofj8%jisj205jmg/dLj(11.42jmmol/L).jElevatio
nsjindicatejcontinuedjneedjforjteachingjrelatedjtojthejpreventionjofjhyperglycemicjepisodes.
Thejnursejisjinstructingjajclientjhowjtojperformjajtesticularjself-
examinationj(TSE).jThejnursejshouldjexplainjthatjwhichjisjthejbestjtimejtojperformjthisjexam?
A. Afterjajshowerjorjbath
B. Whilejstandingjtojvoid
C. Afterjhavingjajboweljmovement
D. Whilejlyingjinjbedjbeforejarisingj-
answerAjRationale:
j
,ThejnursejneedsjtojteachjthejclientjhowjtojperformjajTSE.jThejnursejshouldjinstructjthejclientjtojperfor
mjthejexamjonjthejsamejdayjeachjmonth.jThejnursejshouldjalsojinstructjthejclientjthatjthejbestjtimejtoj
performjajTSEjisjafterjajshowerjorjbathjwhenjthejhandsjarejwarmjandjsoapyjandjthejscrotumjisjwarm.jP
alpationjisjeasierjandjthejclientjwilljbejbetterjablejtojidentifyjanyjabnormalities.jThejclientjwouldjstand
jto jperform jthe jexam, jbutjitjwouldjbe jdifficultjto jperformjthe jexamjwhilejvoiding.jHavingjajboweljmov
ementjisjunrelatedjtojperformingjajTSE.
Thejclinicjnursejpreparesjtojperformjajfocusedjassessmentjonjajclientjwhojisjcomplainingjofjsymptom
sjofjajcold,jajcough,jandjlungjcongestion.jWhichjshouldjthejnursejincludejforjthisjtypejofjassessment?jSe
lectjalljthatjapply.
A. Auscultatingjlungjsounds
B. Obtainingjthejclient'sjtemperature
C. Assessingjthejstrengthjofjperipheraljpulses
D. Obtainingjinformationjaboutjthejclient'sjrespirations
E. Performingjajmusculoskeletaljandjneurologicaljexamination
F. Askingjthejclientjaboutjajfamilyjhistoryjofjanyjillnessjorjdiseasej-
answerA,jB,jDjRationale:
j
Ajfocusedjassessmentjfocusesjonjajlimitedjorjshort-
termjproblem,jsuchjasjthejclient'sjcomplaint.jBecausejthejclientjisjcomplainingjofjsymptomsjofjajcold,ja
jcough,jandjlungjcongestion,jthe jnursejwouldjfocusjonjthe jrespiratoryjsystem jandjthe jpresencejofjanjin
fection.jAjcompletejassessmentjincludesjajcompletejhealthjhistoryjandjphysicaljexaminationjandjfor
msjajbaselinejdatabase.
Assessingjthejstrengthjofjperipheraljpulsesjrelatesjtojajvascularjassessment,jwhichjisjnotjrelatedjtojthis
jclient's jcomplaints. jAjmusculoskeletal jandjneurological jexaminationjalsojisjnotjrelatedjto jthisjclient's
jcomplaints. jHowever, jstrength jofjperipheraljpulsesjandjajmusculoskeletaljandjneurological jexaminat
ionjwouldjbejincludedjinjajcompletejassessment.jLikewise,jaskingjthejclientjaboutjajfamilyjhistoryjofja
nyjillnessjorjdiseasejwouldjbejincludedjinjajcompletejassessment.
ThejclinicjnursejisjpreparingjtojexplainjthejconceptsjofjKohlberg'sjtheoryjofjmoraljdevelopmentjwit
hjajparent.jThejnursejshouldjtelljthejparentjthatjwhichjfactorjmotivatesjgoodjandjbadjactionsjforjthej
childjatjthejpreconventionaljlevel?
A. Peerjpressure
B. Socialjpressure
C. Parents'jbehavior
D. Punishmentjandjrewardj-
answerDjRationale:
j
Injthejpreconventionaljstage,jmoralsjarejthoughtjtojbejmotivatedjbyjpunishmentjandjreward.jIfjthejchi
ldjisjobedientjandjisjnotjpunished,jthenjthejchildjisjbeingjmoral.jThejchildjseesjactionsjasjgoodjorjbad.j
Ifjthejchild'sjactionsjarejgood,jthejchildjisjpraised.jIfjthejchild'sjactionsjarejbad,jthejchildjis
,punished.jOptionsj1,j2,jandj3jarejnotjassociatedjfactorsjforjthisjstagejofjmoraljdevelopment.
Thejmaternityjnursejisjprovidingjinstructionsjtojajnewjmotherjregardingjthejpsychosocialjdevelopmentjo
fjthejnewbornjinfant.jUsingjErikson'sjpsychosocialjdevelopmentjtheory,jthejnursejinstructsjthejmotherjtoj
takejwhichjmeasure?
A. Allowjthejnewbornjinfantjtojsignaljajneed.
B. Anticipatejalljneedsjofjthejnewbornjinfant.
C. Attendjtojthejnewbornjinfantjimmediatelyjwhenjcrying.
D. Avoidjthejnewbornjinfantjduringjthejfirstj10jminutesjofjcrying.j-janswerA
Rationale:AccordingjtojErikson,jthejcaregiverjshouldjnotjtryjtojanticipatejthejnewbornjinfant'sjneedsja
tjalljtimesjbutjmustjallowjthejnewbornjinfantjtojsignaljneeds.jIfjajnewbornjinfantjisjnotjallowedjtojsigna
ljajneed,jthejnewbornjwilljnotjlearnjhowjtojcontroljthejenvironment.jEriksonjbelievedjthatjajdelayedjo
rjprolongedjresponsejtojajnewbornjinfant'sjsignaljwouldjinhibitjthejdevelopmentjofjtrustjandjleadjtoj
mistrustjofjothers.
AjnursingjstudentjisjpresentingjajclinicaljconferencejtojpeersjregardingjFreud'sjpsychosexualjstagesj
ofjdevelopment,jspecificallyjthejanaljstage.jThejstudentjexplainsjtojthejgroupjthatjwhichjcharacteristi
cjrelatesjtojthejanaljstage?
A. Thisjstagejisjassociatedjwithjtoiletjtraining.
B. Thisjstagejisjcharacterizedjbyjthejgratificationjofjself.
C. Thisjstagejisjcharacterizedjbyjajtaperingjoffjofjconsciousjbiologicaljandjsexualjurges.
D. Thisjstagejisjassociatedjwithjpleasurablejandjconflictingjfeelingsjaboutjthejgenitaljorgans.j-
janswerA
Rationale:
Injgeneral,jtoiletjtrainingjoccursjduringjthejanaljstage.jAccordingjtojFreud,jthejchildjgainsjpleasurejfromjth
ejeliminationjofjfecesjandjfromjtheirjretention.jOptionj2jrelatesjtojthejoraljstage.jOptionj3jrelatesjtojthejlat
encyjperiod.jOptionj4jrelatesjtojthejphallicjstage.
ThejnursejisjdescribingjPiaget'sjcognitivejdevelopmentaljtheoryjtojpediatricjnursingjstaff.jThejnu
rsejshouldjtelljthatjstaffjthatjwhichjchildjbehaviorjisjcharacteristicjofjthejformaljoperationsjstage?
A. Thejchildjhasjthejabilityjtojthinkjabstractly.
B. Thejchildjbeginsjtojunderstandjthejenvironment.
C. Thejchildjisjablejtojclassify,jorder,jandjsortjfacts.
D. Thejchildjlearnsjtojthinkjinjtermsjofjpast,jpresent,jandjfuture.j-
answerAjRationale:
j
, Injthejformaljoperationsjstage,jthejchildjhasjthejabilityjtojthinkjabstractlyjandjlogically.jOptionj2jidentifiesj
thejsensorimotorjstage.jOptionj3jidentifiesjthejconcretejoperationaljstage.jOptionj4jidentifiesjthejpreope
rationaljstage.
Thejmotherjofjanj8-year-
oldjchildjtellsjthejclinicjnursejthatjshejisjconcernedjaboutjthejchildjbecausejthejchildjseemsjtojbejmor
ejattentivejtojfriendsjthanjanythingjelse.jUsingjErikson'sjpsychosocialjdevelopmentjtheory,jthejnurs
ejshouldjmakejwhichjresponse?
A. "Youjneedjtojbejconcerned."
B. "Youjneedjtojmonitorjthejchild'sjbehaviorjclosely."
C. "Atjthisjage,jthejchildjisjdevelopingjhisjownjpersonality."
D. "Youjneedjtojprovidejmorejpraisejtojthejchildjtojstopjthisjbehavior."j-janswerC
Rationale:AccordingjtojErikson,jduringjschool-
agejyearsj(6jtoj12jyearsjofjage),jthejchildjbeginsjtojmovejtowardjpeersjandjfriendsjandjawayjfromjthejpar
entsjforjsupport.jThejchildjalsojbeginsjtojdevelopjspecialjinterestsjthatjreflectjhisjorjherjownjdevelopin
gjpersonalityjinsteadjofjthejparents'.jTherefore,joptionsj1,j2,jandj4jarejincorrectjresponses.
Thejnursejeducatorjisjpreparingjtojconductjajteachingjsessionjforjthejnursingjstaffjregardingjthejtheoriesj
ofjgrowthjandjdevelopmentjandjplansjtojdiscussjKohlberg'sjtheoryjofjmoraljdevelopment.jWhatjinformati
onjshouldjthejnursejincludejinjthejsession?jSelectjalljthatjapply
A. Individualsjmovejthroughjallj6jstagesjinjajsequentialjfashion.
B. Moraljdevelopmentjprogressesjinjrelationshipjtojcognitivejdevelopment.
C. Ajperson'sjabilityjtojmakejmoraljjudgmentsjdevelopsjoverjajperiodjofjtime.
D. Thejtheoryjprovidesjajframeworkjforjunderstandingjhowjindividualsjdeterminejajmoraljcodejtojgui
dejtheirjbehavior.
E. Injstagej1j(punishment-
obediencejorientation),jchildrenjarejexpectedjtojreasonjasjmaturejmembersjofjsociety.
F. Injstagej2j(instrumental-
relativistjorientation),jthejchildjconformsjtojrulesjtojobtainjrewardsjorjhavejfavorsjreturned.j-
janswerB, jC,jD,jF
Rationale:
Kohlberg'sjtheoryjstatesjthatjindividualsjmovejthroughjstagesjofjdevelopmentjinjajsequentialjfashionj
butjthatjnotjeveryonejreachesjstagesj5jandj6jinjhisjorjherjdevelopmentjofjpersonaljmorality.jThejtheor
yjprovidesjajframeworkjforjunderstandingjhowjindividualsjdeterminejajmoraljcodejtojguidejtheirjbeh
avior.jItjstatesjthatjmoraljdevelopmentjprogressesjinjrelationshipjtojcognitivejdevelopmentjandjthatjaj
person'sjabilityjtojmakejmoraljjudgmentsjdevelopsjoverjajperiodjofjtime.jInjstagej1,jagesj2jtoj3jyearsj(pu
nishment-
obediencejorientation),jchildrenjcannotjreasonjasjmaturejmembersjofjsociety.jInjstagej2,jagesj4jtoj7jye
arsj(instrumental-
relativistjorientation),jthejchildjconformsjtojrulesjtojobtainjrewardsjorjhavejfavorsjreturned.
Ajparentjofjaj3-year-oldjtellsjajclinicjnursejthatjthejchildjisjrebellingjconstantlyjandjhavingjtemper
