BIOD351 Module 6 Pharmacology of Infectious
Disease
Comprehensive Final Test (Qns & Ans)
2025
Question 1 (Multiple Choice)
Question:
A common mechanism by which Gram-negative bacteria develop
resistance to beta‑lactam antibiotics is through the production of
which enzyme?
A) DNA gyrase
B) Beta‑lactamase
C) Amylase
D) Transpeptidase
Correct ANS:
B) Beta‑lactamase
©2025
, Rationale:
Beta‑lactamases are enzymes produced by bacteria that hydrolyze
the beta‑lactam ring of penicillins and cephalosporins, rendering
them inactive. This is one of the most prevalent mechanisms of
resistance, particularly among Gram-negative organisms.
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Question 2 (Fill in the Blank)
Question:
The process by which bacteria acquire resistance genes from other
bacteria through conjugative plasmids, transposons, or
bacteriophages is known as ________ .
Correct ANS:
horizontal gene transfer
Rationale:
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) allows bacteria to share genetic
material—including resistance determinants—across strains and
species. This process accelerates the spread of antimicrobial
resistance within microbial communities.
©2025
,---
Question 3 (True/False)
Question:
True/False: Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth
without necessarily killing the organism, whereas bactericidal
antibiotics directly kill bacterial cells.
Correct ANS:
True
Rationale:
Bacteriostatic agents prevent proliferation, allowing the immune
system to clear the infection, while bactericidal drugs directly
induce bacterial cell death. This distinction is critical when
selecting antibiotics for immunocompromised patients.
---
Question 4 (Multiple Response)
Question:
©2025
, Select all mechanisms through which bacteria may develop
resistance to macrolide antibiotics:
A) Methylation of the 23S rRNA
B) Upregulation of efflux pumps
C) Mutation in DNA gyrase
D) Enzymatic inactivation via esterases
E) Alteration of ribosomal proteins
Correct ANS:
A) Methylation of the 23S rRNA, B) Upregulation of efflux
pumps, E) Alteration of ribosomal proteins
Rationale:
The primary mechanisms of macrolide resistance include
methylation of the ribosomal target (23S rRNA) and increased
efflux of the drug. Additionally, mutations or alterations in
ribosomal proteins can reduce binding. Enzymatic inactivation
(option D) is less commonly observed, and mutation in DNA
gyrase (option C) is related to fluoroquinolone resistance.
---
Question 5 (Multiple Choice)
©2025
Disease
Comprehensive Final Test (Qns & Ans)
2025
Question 1 (Multiple Choice)
Question:
A common mechanism by which Gram-negative bacteria develop
resistance to beta‑lactam antibiotics is through the production of
which enzyme?
A) DNA gyrase
B) Beta‑lactamase
C) Amylase
D) Transpeptidase
Correct ANS:
B) Beta‑lactamase
©2025
, Rationale:
Beta‑lactamases are enzymes produced by bacteria that hydrolyze
the beta‑lactam ring of penicillins and cephalosporins, rendering
them inactive. This is one of the most prevalent mechanisms of
resistance, particularly among Gram-negative organisms.
---
Question 2 (Fill in the Blank)
Question:
The process by which bacteria acquire resistance genes from other
bacteria through conjugative plasmids, transposons, or
bacteriophages is known as ________ .
Correct ANS:
horizontal gene transfer
Rationale:
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) allows bacteria to share genetic
material—including resistance determinants—across strains and
species. This process accelerates the spread of antimicrobial
resistance within microbial communities.
©2025
,---
Question 3 (True/False)
Question:
True/False: Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth
without necessarily killing the organism, whereas bactericidal
antibiotics directly kill bacterial cells.
Correct ANS:
True
Rationale:
Bacteriostatic agents prevent proliferation, allowing the immune
system to clear the infection, while bactericidal drugs directly
induce bacterial cell death. This distinction is critical when
selecting antibiotics for immunocompromised patients.
---
Question 4 (Multiple Response)
Question:
©2025
, Select all mechanisms through which bacteria may develop
resistance to macrolide antibiotics:
A) Methylation of the 23S rRNA
B) Upregulation of efflux pumps
C) Mutation in DNA gyrase
D) Enzymatic inactivation via esterases
E) Alteration of ribosomal proteins
Correct ANS:
A) Methylation of the 23S rRNA, B) Upregulation of efflux
pumps, E) Alteration of ribosomal proteins
Rationale:
The primary mechanisms of macrolide resistance include
methylation of the ribosomal target (23S rRNA) and increased
efflux of the drug. Additionally, mutations or alterations in
ribosomal proteins can reduce binding. Enzymatic inactivation
(option D) is less commonly observed, and mutation in DNA
gyrase (option C) is related to fluoroquinolone resistance.
---
Question 5 (Multiple Choice)
©2025
