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1. Preload the initial stretching of the
cardiac myocytes
(muscle cells) prior to
contraction
2. Afterload Resistance against which
the
ventricle must pump
3. Stable angina Precipitated by physical
ac-
tivity or emotional
upset, relieved by
rest within a
few minutes. Associated
with temporary
depression of ST.
segment
4. Unstable angina increased episodes of
angi- na produced by
less exertion or at rest.
Usually progress- es to
myocardial infarction if
untreated
5. Variant angina Usually at rest, due to
coro-
nary artery spasm
rather than an increase
of myocar- dial oxygen
demand. Associ- ated with
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elevation of the ST
segment.
6. Angia Pectoris Uncomfortable sensation
in
the chest surrounding
anatomical structures
7. Anatomical location of coronary arteries
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Arise from the region of the
coronary cusp in the
sinuses of valsalva
8. Branches of the Coronary arteries The transverse branch
and the descending
branch
9. Thrombus blood clot
10. Atherosclerosis Plaque formation
11. Arteriosclerosis Thickening, hardening
and loss of elasticity
12. Myocardial infarction Necrosis caused by
cessa- tion of blood
supply. Usual- ly caused
by thrombus/ por- tion
of heart muscle dies
13. Soft/homogenous plaque Uniform in structure.
Low level echoes and
hard to see
14. Hetergeneous plaque Mixed echo patterns.
Some anechoic and
echogenic properties.
15. Calcified plaque Hyperechoic. Acoustic
shad- owing inferior to
plaque.
16. Stenosis Narrowing of vessels due
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to
atherosclerosis
17. Obstruction Partial blockages