Grand Canyon University Nur
641 E Final Exam Correct
answers
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion - correct-answers-
Pharmacokinetics involves
absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly in
the blood plasma - correct-answers-Pharmacokinetic absorption
reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the
interstitial and intracellular fluid - correct-answers-Parmacokinetic
distribution
biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissue - correct-
answers-Pharmacokinetics metabolism
highest bioavailability
places entire does into venin thus bypassing absorption
avoids hepatic first pass metabolism in the liver - correct-answers-
Intravenous medications
usually reached within 4-5 half lives of the drug - correct-answers-
steady state medication
1.the time required for the elimination process to reduce 2.the
concentration of the drug to one half what it was at initial
administration
3.determines drug frequency
predicts length of toxic effects
constant first order pharmacokinetics of a drug - correct-answers-drug
half life
drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit - correct-answers-zero
order (nonlinear)
metabolizes 50% drugs
, inhibit: grapefruit juice
- increase drug -> adverse effects
may have enhanced activity with any other CYP3A4 - correct-answers-
CYP3A4
discovery or laboratory for development
Phase 1 begins with animal testing
phase 2 human subjects
compare drug to placebo or other drug that is effective
5.FDA then reviews result and determines approval
Post market study to determine other side effects that were not seen
while lab testing - correct-answers-Six steps in drug development
process
1.Institute of Safe mediation Practice
2. Institute of Medicine
3. Joint commission
4.National Coordinating Council form mediation error reporting and
prevention
Food and Drug Administration (safe use initiative) - correct-answers-
organizations for medication safety
1.Also known as a side effect, an undesirable reaction that
accompanies the principal response for which the drug was taken
include allergic reactions and adverse drug effects
2. Either pharmacological or idiosyncratic
3. 85-90% of ADRs are pharmacological
4. Reporting is not mandated by FDA thus are not commonly reported
usually preventable occur in hospital and nursing homes due to med
errors
Polypharmacy, multiple doctors and multiple pharmacies increase risk
- correct-answers-Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)
end in pril: lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril, benazepril and
fosinopril
, suppress release of angiotensin converting enzyme
side effects include cough and angioedema, with angioedema the
medication should be discontinued - correct-answers-Angiotensin-
converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
-sartan: candesartan, eprosartan, ibesartan, Isosartan, telmisartan,
valsartan
2.block angiotensin 11 receptors - correct-answers-Angiotensin II
Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Essential HTN accounts for 90% of cases and is also called primary,
secondary may be caused by CKD - correct-answers-Essential vs
Secondary HTN
use: angina pectoris
action: dilate veins and arteries and thereby reducing ischemia and
relieving pain by decreasing myocardial O2 consumption
Side effects: throbbing HA, flushing, hypotension tachycardia
available: IV, SL, topical ointment and transdermal patch
contraindicated with PDE-5 (sildanfil and vardenafil) - correct-answers-
Nitroglycerin (Nitrate)
antiarrhythmic of choice when there is coexisting heart failure
can cause thyroid and pulmonary toxicity - correct-answers-
Amiodarone
vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure - correct-answers-Alpha
1 adrenergic stimulation results
Decrease sympathetic stimulation causing vasodilation and decreased
blood pressure - correct-answers-alpha 1 blockade
stimulation by beta agonists (isoproterenol) result in increased heart
rate, blood pressure and cardiac output
blockade results in decreased heart rate, bp, and cardiac output -
correct-answers-beta 1 adrenergic
641 E Final Exam Correct
answers
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion - correct-answers-
Pharmacokinetics involves
absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly in
the blood plasma - correct-answers-Pharmacokinetic absorption
reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the
interstitial and intracellular fluid - correct-answers-Parmacokinetic
distribution
biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissue - correct-
answers-Pharmacokinetics metabolism
highest bioavailability
places entire does into venin thus bypassing absorption
avoids hepatic first pass metabolism in the liver - correct-answers-
Intravenous medications
usually reached within 4-5 half lives of the drug - correct-answers-
steady state medication
1.the time required for the elimination process to reduce 2.the
concentration of the drug to one half what it was at initial
administration
3.determines drug frequency
predicts length of toxic effects
constant first order pharmacokinetics of a drug - correct-answers-drug
half life
drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit - correct-answers-zero
order (nonlinear)
metabolizes 50% drugs
, inhibit: grapefruit juice
- increase drug -> adverse effects
may have enhanced activity with any other CYP3A4 - correct-answers-
CYP3A4
discovery or laboratory for development
Phase 1 begins with animal testing
phase 2 human subjects
compare drug to placebo or other drug that is effective
5.FDA then reviews result and determines approval
Post market study to determine other side effects that were not seen
while lab testing - correct-answers-Six steps in drug development
process
1.Institute of Safe mediation Practice
2. Institute of Medicine
3. Joint commission
4.National Coordinating Council form mediation error reporting and
prevention
Food and Drug Administration (safe use initiative) - correct-answers-
organizations for medication safety
1.Also known as a side effect, an undesirable reaction that
accompanies the principal response for which the drug was taken
include allergic reactions and adverse drug effects
2. Either pharmacological or idiosyncratic
3. 85-90% of ADRs are pharmacological
4. Reporting is not mandated by FDA thus are not commonly reported
usually preventable occur in hospital and nursing homes due to med
errors
Polypharmacy, multiple doctors and multiple pharmacies increase risk
- correct-answers-Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)
end in pril: lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril, benazepril and
fosinopril
, suppress release of angiotensin converting enzyme
side effects include cough and angioedema, with angioedema the
medication should be discontinued - correct-answers-Angiotensin-
converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
-sartan: candesartan, eprosartan, ibesartan, Isosartan, telmisartan,
valsartan
2.block angiotensin 11 receptors - correct-answers-Angiotensin II
Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Essential HTN accounts for 90% of cases and is also called primary,
secondary may be caused by CKD - correct-answers-Essential vs
Secondary HTN
use: angina pectoris
action: dilate veins and arteries and thereby reducing ischemia and
relieving pain by decreasing myocardial O2 consumption
Side effects: throbbing HA, flushing, hypotension tachycardia
available: IV, SL, topical ointment and transdermal patch
contraindicated with PDE-5 (sildanfil and vardenafil) - correct-answers-
Nitroglycerin (Nitrate)
antiarrhythmic of choice when there is coexisting heart failure
can cause thyroid and pulmonary toxicity - correct-answers-
Amiodarone
vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure - correct-answers-Alpha
1 adrenergic stimulation results
Decrease sympathetic stimulation causing vasodilation and decreased
blood pressure - correct-answers-alpha 1 blockade
stimulation by beta agonists (isoproterenol) result in increased heart
rate, blood pressure and cardiac output
blockade results in decreased heart rate, bp, and cardiac output -
correct-answers-beta 1 adrenergic
