LOMA 311 Exam 2025 Questions
and Answers
Constitution - ✔✔set out fundamental principles that determine powers and duties of
gov't and rights of people
Statutes - ✔✔Laws enacted by legislative branch of gov't. Typically declare, command
or prohibit something
Administrative Regulations - ✔✔Rules or orders adopted by agencies with executive
branch of gov't (explain how to follow laws). Executive Branch consists of variety of
depts-Administrative Agencies-responsible for administering specific aspects of law.
Legislative Branch - ✔✔one or more legislative bodies that enact laws to govern
jurisdiction
Executive Branch - ✔✔consists of a number of agencies or ministries that administer,
enforce or carry out the jurisdiction's laws.
Judicial Branch - ✔✔consists of systems of courts responsible for applying and
interpreting laws
Parliamentary Democracies - ✔✔legislative branch (parliament) has ultimate authority
of making all laws - other countries no USA
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY OLIVIA WEST, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Federal System - ✔✔a federal gov't and a number of lower level governments share
powers (USA is a federation of 50 states).
Code - ✔✔All laws enacted by each legislative body compiled and organized into a
collection of laws.
Regulations - ✔✔rules or orders issued by administrative agencies and have same force
and effect as statues - make up Administrative Law.
Substantive Laws - ✔✔create, define and regulate legal rights and duties.
Procedural Laws - ✔✔define methods that exist to enforce substantive laws. Types of
case each court has jurisdiction to heat.
Jurisdiction - ✔✔geographic area of legal authority
Common Law System - ✔✔Based on the common law of England. Common Laws
resolve disputes in accordance with customs of local area. An unwritten body of general
principles and rules of law developed and followed by the courts.
1. Court looks at written law (statues & regulations)
2. If not statues/regs apply, then apply doctrine of stare decisis by following
precedents.
3. If no precedents apply, then apply general principles of common law
Doctrine of Stare Decisis - ✔✔when court finds a specific principle of law applies to a
certain set of facts, the court will apply that principle to all future cases in which facts
are substantially the same. Decision in a prior case is known as a precedent. Precedent
remains in force until court overturns the precedent or statute is enacted that changes
the legal principle that underlies the precedent.
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY OLIVIA WEST, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,Civil Law System - ✔✔based on Roman legal system which laws are codified into
written codes enacted by legislature. Civil Code-general principles of law that apply to
relationships between people that arise from birth, adoption, marriage, death, contracts
and personal liability. Decisions made based on jurisdiction's codes for applicable rules
of law. If no code covers subject at issue, court decides issue in accordance with general
principles of law that are set in applicable code.
1. Court looks to applicable code
2. If no code, then court applies general principles of law set out in applicable code
3. Court will be influenced by own prior decisions and decisions of higher courts on
similar issues.
Mixed Legal Systems - ✔✔contain elements of more than one basic type of legal system.
This is most countries.
Customary Law System - ✔✔members of a community have accepted local customs as
binding on community's members.
State Court System - ✔✔includes variety of trial courts. Each presided over by a judge.
Have two appellate courts: Supreme Court-has authority to review decisions of lower
appellate court, Court of Appeal.
Federal Court System - ✔✔court system has three levels.
1. District court: every state & territory. Act as trial courts with jurisdiction to hear only
specific types of cases as set out in Constitution and various federal laws.
2. Circuit Courts of Appeal: have 13. Hear cases in which the decision of a district court
is appealed by someone in the trial.
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY OLIVIA WEST, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, Supreme Court - ✔✔only hears certain appeals from lower courts and cases involving
any states or foreign official. Usually involve a matter of national importance, involve
US Constitution or lower courts have reached different results.
Types of Cases Federal Courts have jurisdiction - ✔✔• All cases affecting ambassadors,
public ministers and consuls
• Case of admiraly and maritime jurisdiction
• Controversies to which US is a part
• Controversies between two or more states
• Controversies between a state and citizens of another state
• Controversies between citizens of different states
• Controversies between citizens of same state claiming lands under grants of different
states
• Controversies between a state and foreign states, citizens or subjects.
Ethics - ✔✔a system of accepted standards of conduct and moral judgement that
combines the elements of honesty, integrity and fair treatment. Acting ethically means
upholding promises to customers, operating in a responsible manner, treating
customers and employees equitably and keeping confidential information private.
Corporate Culture - ✔✔values, beliefs, goals and patterns of behavior that employees of
an organization share.
Civil Laws - ✔✔concerned with private, non-gov't, rights and remedies
Public law - ✔✔areas of law that affect the public interest and govern relationships
between gov't and non-gov't parties.
Private law - ✔✔areas of law the primarily involve disputes between non-gov't parties.
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY OLIVIA WEST, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
and Answers
Constitution - ✔✔set out fundamental principles that determine powers and duties of
gov't and rights of people
Statutes - ✔✔Laws enacted by legislative branch of gov't. Typically declare, command
or prohibit something
Administrative Regulations - ✔✔Rules or orders adopted by agencies with executive
branch of gov't (explain how to follow laws). Executive Branch consists of variety of
depts-Administrative Agencies-responsible for administering specific aspects of law.
Legislative Branch - ✔✔one or more legislative bodies that enact laws to govern
jurisdiction
Executive Branch - ✔✔consists of a number of agencies or ministries that administer,
enforce or carry out the jurisdiction's laws.
Judicial Branch - ✔✔consists of systems of courts responsible for applying and
interpreting laws
Parliamentary Democracies - ✔✔legislative branch (parliament) has ultimate authority
of making all laws - other countries no USA
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY OLIVIA WEST, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Federal System - ✔✔a federal gov't and a number of lower level governments share
powers (USA is a federation of 50 states).
Code - ✔✔All laws enacted by each legislative body compiled and organized into a
collection of laws.
Regulations - ✔✔rules or orders issued by administrative agencies and have same force
and effect as statues - make up Administrative Law.
Substantive Laws - ✔✔create, define and regulate legal rights and duties.
Procedural Laws - ✔✔define methods that exist to enforce substantive laws. Types of
case each court has jurisdiction to heat.
Jurisdiction - ✔✔geographic area of legal authority
Common Law System - ✔✔Based on the common law of England. Common Laws
resolve disputes in accordance with customs of local area. An unwritten body of general
principles and rules of law developed and followed by the courts.
1. Court looks at written law (statues & regulations)
2. If not statues/regs apply, then apply doctrine of stare decisis by following
precedents.
3. If no precedents apply, then apply general principles of common law
Doctrine of Stare Decisis - ✔✔when court finds a specific principle of law applies to a
certain set of facts, the court will apply that principle to all future cases in which facts
are substantially the same. Decision in a prior case is known as a precedent. Precedent
remains in force until court overturns the precedent or statute is enacted that changes
the legal principle that underlies the precedent.
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY OLIVIA WEST, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,Civil Law System - ✔✔based on Roman legal system which laws are codified into
written codes enacted by legislature. Civil Code-general principles of law that apply to
relationships between people that arise from birth, adoption, marriage, death, contracts
and personal liability. Decisions made based on jurisdiction's codes for applicable rules
of law. If no code covers subject at issue, court decides issue in accordance with general
principles of law that are set in applicable code.
1. Court looks to applicable code
2. If no code, then court applies general principles of law set out in applicable code
3. Court will be influenced by own prior decisions and decisions of higher courts on
similar issues.
Mixed Legal Systems - ✔✔contain elements of more than one basic type of legal system.
This is most countries.
Customary Law System - ✔✔members of a community have accepted local customs as
binding on community's members.
State Court System - ✔✔includes variety of trial courts. Each presided over by a judge.
Have two appellate courts: Supreme Court-has authority to review decisions of lower
appellate court, Court of Appeal.
Federal Court System - ✔✔court system has three levels.
1. District court: every state & territory. Act as trial courts with jurisdiction to hear only
specific types of cases as set out in Constitution and various federal laws.
2. Circuit Courts of Appeal: have 13. Hear cases in which the decision of a district court
is appealed by someone in the trial.
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY OLIVIA WEST, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, Supreme Court - ✔✔only hears certain appeals from lower courts and cases involving
any states or foreign official. Usually involve a matter of national importance, involve
US Constitution or lower courts have reached different results.
Types of Cases Federal Courts have jurisdiction - ✔✔• All cases affecting ambassadors,
public ministers and consuls
• Case of admiraly and maritime jurisdiction
• Controversies to which US is a part
• Controversies between two or more states
• Controversies between a state and citizens of another state
• Controversies between citizens of different states
• Controversies between citizens of same state claiming lands under grants of different
states
• Controversies between a state and foreign states, citizens or subjects.
Ethics - ✔✔a system of accepted standards of conduct and moral judgement that
combines the elements of honesty, integrity and fair treatment. Acting ethically means
upholding promises to customers, operating in a responsible manner, treating
customers and employees equitably and keeping confidential information private.
Corporate Culture - ✔✔values, beliefs, goals and patterns of behavior that employees of
an organization share.
Civil Laws - ✔✔concerned with private, non-gov't, rights and remedies
Public law - ✔✔areas of law that affect the public interest and govern relationships
between gov't and non-gov't parties.
Private law - ✔✔areas of law the primarily involve disputes between non-gov't parties.
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY OLIVIA WEST, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
