Bio 108 Genetics: Structure and replication
CERTIFICATION GUIDE
FOR 2025/2026 TESTS|MOST COMMON
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECTLY VERIFIED ANSWERS
(LATEST QUIZZES) |ALREADY A+
GRADED|GUARANTEED PASS
What are the four fundamental requirements for genetic material? - Contain complex
information, replicate faithfully, endcode the phenotype and have the capacity to vary.
Genetic complex information - instructions for traits and functions.
What are the subunits of DNA - nucleotides
How are nucleotides linked together? - phosphodiester bonds
What is the phosphodiester bond between nucleotides able to withstand? - Changes in
pH and temperature.
Antiparellel - Two strands running in opposite directions. one strand goes 3' to 5' the
other goes 5' to 3.
What holds the the two strands together between bases? - Hydrogen bonds
Positive supercoiling - double helix is overwound. Twisted in the same direction as the
helix.
Negative supercoiling - double helix is underwound. Twisted in the opposite direction of
the helix.
How is the prokaryotic DNA in the circular bacterial chromosome supercoiled? - The
chromosome if folded by DNA-binding proteins into supercoil loops.
Nucleosome structure - DNA wrapped around 8 histones twice (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4).
What type of amino acids are histone proteins rich in? - Positively charged
CERTIFICATION GUIDE
FOR 2025/2026 TESTS|MOST COMMON
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECTLY VERIFIED ANSWERS
(LATEST QUIZZES) |ALREADY A+
GRADED|GUARANTEED PASS
What are the four fundamental requirements for genetic material? - Contain complex
information, replicate faithfully, endcode the phenotype and have the capacity to vary.
Genetic complex information - instructions for traits and functions.
What are the subunits of DNA - nucleotides
How are nucleotides linked together? - phosphodiester bonds
What is the phosphodiester bond between nucleotides able to withstand? - Changes in
pH and temperature.
Antiparellel - Two strands running in opposite directions. one strand goes 3' to 5' the
other goes 5' to 3.
What holds the the two strands together between bases? - Hydrogen bonds
Positive supercoiling - double helix is overwound. Twisted in the same direction as the
helix.
Negative supercoiling - double helix is underwound. Twisted in the opposite direction of
the helix.
How is the prokaryotic DNA in the circular bacterial chromosome supercoiled? - The
chromosome if folded by DNA-binding proteins into supercoil loops.
Nucleosome structure - DNA wrapped around 8 histones twice (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4).
What type of amino acids are histone proteins rich in? - Positively charged
