PSYCH 242 UIC THOMAS STAHL EXAM
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
level tof tconstraint t- tcorrect tanswers t-How tmuch tcontrol tthe tresearcher thas tover tthe
tdesign tand tprogression tof tthe tstudy
archival tstudies t- tcorrect tanswers t-examining texisting trecords tof tpast tevents tand
tbehaviors
naturalistic tobservation t- tcorrect tanswers t-watching tbehavior tin treal-world tsettings
twithout ttrying tto tmanipulate tthe tsituation
advantages tof tnaturalistic tobservation t- tcorrect tanswers t-realistic tpicture tof tbehavior,
twont thave tpartisans tchanging ttheir tbehavior,
disadvantages tof tnaturalistic tobservation t- tcorrect tanswers t-observer teffect tand
tobserver tbias, tnot tactual tmeasurements tlike tmeasuring tblood tpressure tfor texample.
, general tlimitations tof tlow-constraint tmethods t- tcorrect tanswers t-
correlational tresearch t- tcorrect tanswers t-the tstudy tof tthe tnaturally toccurring
trelationships tamong tvariables
differential tmethod t- tcorrect tanswers t-a tmethod tof tunderstanding tbehavior tby
tfocusing ton tindividual tdifferences tand tabilities
Differences tfrom tlower-constraint tmethods t- tcorrect tanswers t-
confounding tvariable t- tcorrect tanswers t-a tfactor tother tthan tthe tfactor tbeing tstudied
tthat tmight tinfluence ta tstudy's tresults
How tto tdeal twith tpossible tconfounds tin tcorrelations tresearch? t- tcorrect tanswers t-
How tto tdeal twith topposite tconfounds tin tdifferential tresearch? t- tcorrect tanswers t-
Limitations tof tcorrectional tresearch? t- tcorrect tanswers t-
hypothesis ttesting t- tcorrect tanswers t-make tand ttest tan teducated tguess tabout ta
tproblem/solution
Validity t- tcorrect tanswers t-the textent tto twhich ta ttest tmeasures tor tpredicts twhat tit tis
tsupposed tto
Threats tto tvalidity t- tcorrect tanswers t-Possible tproblems tin ta tstudy's tdesign tthat tare
torganized tinto tfour tcategories- tstatistical tconclusion tvalidity, tinternal tvalidity,
tconstruct tvalidity, tand texternal tvalidity
operational tdefinition t- tcorrect tanswers t-a tstatement tof tthe tprocedures tused tto
tdefine tresearch tvariables
research thypothesis t- tcorrect tanswers t-states tthe tactual tprediction tof ta trelationship
Logic tbehind ttesting ta tresearch thypothesis t- tcorrect tanswers t--suggests ta tway tto
ttest tit
-after tdefining tvars., tmake ta tprediction
-compare tyour tpre-measurements twith tyour tindependent tvar. t
-compare tindependent tvar. twith tyour tpost tmeasurement
null thypothesis t- tcorrect tanswers t-the thypothesis tthat tthere tis tno tsignificant
tdifference tbetween tspecified tpopulations, tany tobserved tdifference tbeing tdue tto
tsampling tor texperimental terror.
Confounding tVariables t(CV) t- tcorrect tanswers t-extraneous tvariables tthat tcannot tbe
tcontrolled tby tthe tresearcher tand tcould tinfluence tany tchange tin tthe tDependent
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
level tof tconstraint t- tcorrect tanswers t-How tmuch tcontrol tthe tresearcher thas tover tthe
tdesign tand tprogression tof tthe tstudy
archival tstudies t- tcorrect tanswers t-examining texisting trecords tof tpast tevents tand
tbehaviors
naturalistic tobservation t- tcorrect tanswers t-watching tbehavior tin treal-world tsettings
twithout ttrying tto tmanipulate tthe tsituation
advantages tof tnaturalistic tobservation t- tcorrect tanswers t-realistic tpicture tof tbehavior,
twont thave tpartisans tchanging ttheir tbehavior,
disadvantages tof tnaturalistic tobservation t- tcorrect tanswers t-observer teffect tand
tobserver tbias, tnot tactual tmeasurements tlike tmeasuring tblood tpressure tfor texample.
, general tlimitations tof tlow-constraint tmethods t- tcorrect tanswers t-
correlational tresearch t- tcorrect tanswers t-the tstudy tof tthe tnaturally toccurring
trelationships tamong tvariables
differential tmethod t- tcorrect tanswers t-a tmethod tof tunderstanding tbehavior tby
tfocusing ton tindividual tdifferences tand tabilities
Differences tfrom tlower-constraint tmethods t- tcorrect tanswers t-
confounding tvariable t- tcorrect tanswers t-a tfactor tother tthan tthe tfactor tbeing tstudied
tthat tmight tinfluence ta tstudy's tresults
How tto tdeal twith tpossible tconfounds tin tcorrelations tresearch? t- tcorrect tanswers t-
How tto tdeal twith topposite tconfounds tin tdifferential tresearch? t- tcorrect tanswers t-
Limitations tof tcorrectional tresearch? t- tcorrect tanswers t-
hypothesis ttesting t- tcorrect tanswers t-make tand ttest tan teducated tguess tabout ta
tproblem/solution
Validity t- tcorrect tanswers t-the textent tto twhich ta ttest tmeasures tor tpredicts twhat tit tis
tsupposed tto
Threats tto tvalidity t- tcorrect tanswers t-Possible tproblems tin ta tstudy's tdesign tthat tare
torganized tinto tfour tcategories- tstatistical tconclusion tvalidity, tinternal tvalidity,
tconstruct tvalidity, tand texternal tvalidity
operational tdefinition t- tcorrect tanswers t-a tstatement tof tthe tprocedures tused tto
tdefine tresearch tvariables
research thypothesis t- tcorrect tanswers t-states tthe tactual tprediction tof ta trelationship
Logic tbehind ttesting ta tresearch thypothesis t- tcorrect tanswers t--suggests ta tway tto
ttest tit
-after tdefining tvars., tmake ta tprediction
-compare tyour tpre-measurements twith tyour tindependent tvar. t
-compare tindependent tvar. twith tyour tpost tmeasurement
null thypothesis t- tcorrect tanswers t-the thypothesis tthat tthere tis tno tsignificant
tdifference tbetween tspecified tpopulations, tany tobserved tdifference tbeing tdue tto
tsampling tor texperimental terror.
Confounding tVariables t(CV) t- tcorrect tanswers t-extraneous tvariables tthat tcannot tbe
tcontrolled tby tthe tresearcher tand tcould tinfluence tany tchange tin tthe tDependent
