STAHL EXAM 3 UIC PSYCH 242 WITH
ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
level tof tconstraint t- tcorrect tanswers t-How tmuch tcontrol tthe tresearcher thas tover tthe
tdesign tand tprogression tof tthe tstudy
Does tthe tresearcher thave tcontrol tover:
- twhat tvariables tare tmeasured?
- thow tthe tvariables tare tmeasured?
- twhen tthe tvariables tare tmeasured?
- tthe tvalues tof tthe tindependent tvariable t(experimental tmanipulations)
Low tconstraint tmethods t- tcorrect tanswers t-Limited tor tno tcontrol tover twhat tvariables
tare tmeasured
Limited tor tno tcontrol tover thow tthe tvariables tare tmeasured?
Limited tor tno tcontrol tover twhen tvariables tare tmeasured
No tcontrol tover tvariation ton tindependent tvariable
, Types tof tlow tconstraint tmethods t- tcorrect tanswers t--Archival tstudies
-Observation
-Case tstudies
Archival tStudies t- tcorrect tanswers t-Reliance ton thistorical trecords
No tnew tdata tcollected
Frequently tcombining tdata tfrom tentirely tdifferent tsources
Can toften trely ton thuge tdata tsets t(frequently twithout tany tcosts)
No trisk tthat tthe tresearcher tinfluences tthe tresults t(experimenter tbias)
Can tyou tthink tof tany talternative texplanations tto ta trelationship tbetween ttemperature
tand tviolent tcrime
What tcould texplain tdifferences tin tcrime tbetween thot/cold tregions?
What tcould texplain tdifferences tin tcrime tbetween thot tand tcold tdays twithin tthe tsame
tregion?
No tcausal tinferences t(correlation tdoes tnot timply tcausation, te.g., ttemperature-
aggression tstudies)
No tcontrol tover tdata tcollection t(what tis tmeasured, thow, twhen)
Operationalizations tof tconstructs tof tinterest tgenerally tnot tperfect
Is tHBP ta t"clean" tmeasure tof taggression?
Reliability tof tsources
naturalistic tobservation t- tcorrect tanswers t-Observing tbehavior tas tit thappens t- tin tits
tnatural tenvironment
used tfor ttopics tthat tcan't tbe tstudied twithin ta tlab.
used twhen texploring ta tnew tphenomenon
still ta tlack tof tcontrol tover twhat tis thappening
limitations tof tlow tconstraint tmethods t- tcorrect tanswers t-Representativeness
t(generalizability)
Small tsamples t(observation, tcase tstudies; tnot tarchival tstudies)
Typically tselected tbased ton tconvenience
Replicability
Small tsamples t(observation, tcase tstudies)
Flexible tprocedures t(observation, tcase tstudies)
Difficult tto tensure tthat tobservations tare tdone tin tthe texact tsame tway
Experimenter tBias
When tmethods tare tflexible t(e.g., tsubjective tcoding tof tbehavior), tthere tis ta tlot tof
troom tfor tbiased tinterpretations
Confirmation tbias
ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
level tof tconstraint t- tcorrect tanswers t-How tmuch tcontrol tthe tresearcher thas tover tthe
tdesign tand tprogression tof tthe tstudy
Does tthe tresearcher thave tcontrol tover:
- twhat tvariables tare tmeasured?
- thow tthe tvariables tare tmeasured?
- twhen tthe tvariables tare tmeasured?
- tthe tvalues tof tthe tindependent tvariable t(experimental tmanipulations)
Low tconstraint tmethods t- tcorrect tanswers t-Limited tor tno tcontrol tover twhat tvariables
tare tmeasured
Limited tor tno tcontrol tover thow tthe tvariables tare tmeasured?
Limited tor tno tcontrol tover twhen tvariables tare tmeasured
No tcontrol tover tvariation ton tindependent tvariable
, Types tof tlow tconstraint tmethods t- tcorrect tanswers t--Archival tstudies
-Observation
-Case tstudies
Archival tStudies t- tcorrect tanswers t-Reliance ton thistorical trecords
No tnew tdata tcollected
Frequently tcombining tdata tfrom tentirely tdifferent tsources
Can toften trely ton thuge tdata tsets t(frequently twithout tany tcosts)
No trisk tthat tthe tresearcher tinfluences tthe tresults t(experimenter tbias)
Can tyou tthink tof tany talternative texplanations tto ta trelationship tbetween ttemperature
tand tviolent tcrime
What tcould texplain tdifferences tin tcrime tbetween thot/cold tregions?
What tcould texplain tdifferences tin tcrime tbetween thot tand tcold tdays twithin tthe tsame
tregion?
No tcausal tinferences t(correlation tdoes tnot timply tcausation, te.g., ttemperature-
aggression tstudies)
No tcontrol tover tdata tcollection t(what tis tmeasured, thow, twhen)
Operationalizations tof tconstructs tof tinterest tgenerally tnot tperfect
Is tHBP ta t"clean" tmeasure tof taggression?
Reliability tof tsources
naturalistic tobservation t- tcorrect tanswers t-Observing tbehavior tas tit thappens t- tin tits
tnatural tenvironment
used tfor ttopics tthat tcan't tbe tstudied twithin ta tlab.
used twhen texploring ta tnew tphenomenon
still ta tlack tof tcontrol tover twhat tis thappening
limitations tof tlow tconstraint tmethods t- tcorrect tanswers t-Representativeness
t(generalizability)
Small tsamples t(observation, tcase tstudies; tnot tarchival tstudies)
Typically tselected tbased ton tconvenience
Replicability
Small tsamples t(observation, tcase tstudies)
Flexible tprocedures t(observation, tcase tstudies)
Difficult tto tensure tthat tobservations tare tdone tin tthe texact tsame tway
Experimenter tBias
When tmethods tare tflexible t(e.g., tsubjective tcoding tof tbehavior), tthere tis ta tlot tof
troom tfor tbiased tinterpretations
Confirmation tbias
