MULTIDIMENSIONAL LATEST
CARE 2 EXAM
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
QUESTION 1
metabolic acidosis - ANSWER-Decreased bicarb, decreased pH
cause of metabolic acidosis - ANSWER-Four processes can result in metabolic
acidosis: overproduction of hydrogen ions, under
elimination of hydrogen ions, underproduction of bicarbonate ions, and over
elimination of bicarbonate ions.
metabolic alkalosis - ANSWER-increased bicarb, increased pH
cause of metabolic alkalosis - ANSWER-Caused either by an increase of bases or a
decrease of acids.
respiratory acidosis signs and symptoms - ANSWER-tachycardia cardiac
arrhythmias
pH less than 7.35 PaCO2 greater than 45 HCO3 elevated
metabolic acidosis signs and symptoms - ANSWER-confusion drowsiness
END OF
PAGE 1
, MULTIDIMENSIONAL LATEST
CARE 2 EXAM
pH less than 7.35 HCO3 less than 22 muscle twitching
respiratory alkalosis signs and symptoms - ANSWER-PaCO2 less than 35
Confusion tachycardia tremors
muscle cramps
metabolic alkalosis signs and symptoms - ANSWER-dizziness irritability
HCO3 greater than 26 nausea
hypotension
hypovolemia - ANSWER-decreased blood volume hypervolemia - ANSWER-
increased blood volume
causes of hypovolemia - ANSWER-inadequate intake nausea
vomiting diarrhea
medications (diuretics) bleeding
fever
causes of hypervolemia - ANSWER-heart failure excess fluid intake
renal failure
increased sodium intake
END OF
PAGE 2
, MULTIDIMENSIONAL LATEST
CARE 2 EXAM
hypernatremia - ANSWER-Serum sodium level that EXCEEDS 145 mEq/L
hyponatremia - ANSWER-A serum sodium level less than 135 mEq/L.
causes of hypernatremia - ANSWER-dehydration decreased water intake
excessive water loss diabetes insipidus
hypernatremia signs and symptoms - ANSWER-restlessness change in mental
status
seizure activity tremors nausea
vomiting
increased thirst
increased capillary refill time decreased skin turgor
causes of hyponatremia - ANSWER-excessive water intake SIADH
increase in antidiuretic hormone
profuse diaphoresis fluid volume depletion
END OF
PAGE 3
, MULTIDIMENSIONAL LATEST
CARE 2 EXAM
When acid base is balanced it is characterized by? - ANSWER-fluid containing
equal number of positive charges, ions with negative
charges
Changes in acid base balance can affect - ANSWER--shape of hormones and
enzymes
-distribution of other electrolytes
-excitable membranes
-effectiveness of hormones and drugs
ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) measures - ANSWER-the acidity (pH) and the levels of
oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from an artery
what are 3 parts to an ABG - ANSWER--pH 7.35-7.45
-Co2 35-45 (this is an acid) (higher the number more acidic)
-Hco3 22-26 (bicarb)
Respiratory issue= - ANSWER-renal system compensates Metabolic issue= -
ANSWER-lungs compensate
if pH and Co2 same side= - ANSWER-respiratory issue if pH and HCo3 same
side= - ANSWER-metabolic issue Compensated means - ANSWER-the pH is
normal
END OF
PAGE 4
CARE 2 EXAM
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
QUESTION 1
metabolic acidosis - ANSWER-Decreased bicarb, decreased pH
cause of metabolic acidosis - ANSWER-Four processes can result in metabolic
acidosis: overproduction of hydrogen ions, under
elimination of hydrogen ions, underproduction of bicarbonate ions, and over
elimination of bicarbonate ions.
metabolic alkalosis - ANSWER-increased bicarb, increased pH
cause of metabolic alkalosis - ANSWER-Caused either by an increase of bases or a
decrease of acids.
respiratory acidosis signs and symptoms - ANSWER-tachycardia cardiac
arrhythmias
pH less than 7.35 PaCO2 greater than 45 HCO3 elevated
metabolic acidosis signs and symptoms - ANSWER-confusion drowsiness
END OF
PAGE 1
, MULTIDIMENSIONAL LATEST
CARE 2 EXAM
pH less than 7.35 HCO3 less than 22 muscle twitching
respiratory alkalosis signs and symptoms - ANSWER-PaCO2 less than 35
Confusion tachycardia tremors
muscle cramps
metabolic alkalosis signs and symptoms - ANSWER-dizziness irritability
HCO3 greater than 26 nausea
hypotension
hypovolemia - ANSWER-decreased blood volume hypervolemia - ANSWER-
increased blood volume
causes of hypovolemia - ANSWER-inadequate intake nausea
vomiting diarrhea
medications (diuretics) bleeding
fever
causes of hypervolemia - ANSWER-heart failure excess fluid intake
renal failure
increased sodium intake
END OF
PAGE 2
, MULTIDIMENSIONAL LATEST
CARE 2 EXAM
hypernatremia - ANSWER-Serum sodium level that EXCEEDS 145 mEq/L
hyponatremia - ANSWER-A serum sodium level less than 135 mEq/L.
causes of hypernatremia - ANSWER-dehydration decreased water intake
excessive water loss diabetes insipidus
hypernatremia signs and symptoms - ANSWER-restlessness change in mental
status
seizure activity tremors nausea
vomiting
increased thirst
increased capillary refill time decreased skin turgor
causes of hyponatremia - ANSWER-excessive water intake SIADH
increase in antidiuretic hormone
profuse diaphoresis fluid volume depletion
END OF
PAGE 3
, MULTIDIMENSIONAL LATEST
CARE 2 EXAM
When acid base is balanced it is characterized by? - ANSWER-fluid containing
equal number of positive charges, ions with negative
charges
Changes in acid base balance can affect - ANSWER--shape of hormones and
enzymes
-distribution of other electrolytes
-excitable membranes
-effectiveness of hormones and drugs
ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) measures - ANSWER-the acidity (pH) and the levels of
oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from an artery
what are 3 parts to an ABG - ANSWER--pH 7.35-7.45
-Co2 35-45 (this is an acid) (higher the number more acidic)
-Hco3 22-26 (bicarb)
Respiratory issue= - ANSWER-renal system compensates Metabolic issue= -
ANSWER-lungs compensate
if pH and Co2 same side= - ANSWER-respiratory issue if pH and HCo3 same
side= - ANSWER-metabolic issue Compensated means - ANSWER-the pH is
normal
END OF
PAGE 4
