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BIOL 482 Exam 3 Final (231 questions) with verified precise solutions

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BIOL 482 Exam 3 Final (231 questions) with verified precise solutions

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BIOL 482 Exam 3 Final with
verified precise solutions

All observable ___ are produced by effectors, mostly muscles, glands, and other things. -
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




correct answer ✔behaviors |||||| ||||||




Neuromuscular coordination ranges from __ (ex: withdrawal/ escape responses) to __ (ex: |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




mating rituals) - correct answer ✔simple, complex
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Major function of nervous system in regards to the control of skeletal muscle is to __ -
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




correct answer ✔generate behavior |||||| |||||| ||||||




invertebrate neural circuits involve __ neurons than vertebrate circuits - correct answer|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




✔fewer


What are two consequences of invertebrates having simpler neural circuits than
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




vertebrates? - correct answer ✔Invertebrate neuron may be uniquely identified neuron and |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




that single individual neurons can have functional roles
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




simple, graded response to specific stimulus - correct answer ✔reflex
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




muscle or tendon stretch initiates contraction; important for control of posture and
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




coordination of movements - correct answer ✔myotatic (stretch) reflex |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Pathway of stretch reflex: stretch -> sensed by __ -> __ neurons -> ___ neurons to same
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




muscle -> contraction - correct answer ✔muscle spindles, 1a afferent, alpha motor
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||

,Muscle spindles are modified fibers called __, which sense and control muscle length. A kind
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of propioreceptor. - correct answer ✔intrafusal fibers
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




regular, contractile muscle fibers - correct answer ✔extrafusal fibers
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Muscles usually arranged in __ pairs, one flexes a joint and the other extends it. - correct
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




answer ✔antagonistic ||||||




Reflexes usually involve contraction in one muscle and relaxation in antagonist muscle is
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




called the __. - correct answer ✔principle of reciprocity
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What kind of neurons are intrafusal fibers innervated by? - correct answer ✔gamma motor
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and 1a afferent sensory
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Alpha-gamma coactivation keeps spindles __ as muscle shortens, as well as allowing |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




monitoring and control of contraction - correct answer ✔sensitive |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




What are two other types of propioreceptors besides muscle spindle fibers? - correct
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




answer ✔golgi tendon organs and joint receptors
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




strands of collagen between muscle and tendon, sense stretch caused by muscle force,
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




control muscle force - correct answer ✔golgi tendon organs
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




What kinds of neurons innervate golgi tendon organs? - correct answer ✔1b afferent
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




sensory neurons ||||||




embedded in connective tissue at joints, respond to joint position or movement - correct|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




answer ✔joint receptors |||||| ||||||

, withdrawal from pain or noxious stimulus - correct answer ✔flexion reflex |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Pathway of the flexion reflex: stimulus -> ___ -> spinal interneurons -> ___ -> withdrawal of
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




limb and the extension of the __ limb due to the __ reflex; interneurons also send
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




information to the __ - correct answer ✔flexion-reflex afferents; motor neurons; |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




contralateral; crossed extension; brain |||||| |||||| ||||||




Motor neurons activated primarily by __ to muscle - correct answer ✔CNS output
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Primary motor input to signal cord is descending input from __ and __ CNS circuits - correct
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




answer ✔brain, spinal |||||| ||||||




Spinal reflexes are __ to motor circuitry of spinal cord - correct answer ✔secondary input
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




In voluntary movement: CNS estimates __ needed, stretch reflex enhances __ if necessary,
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




__ coactivation adjusts spindle sensitivity and sense muscle shortening so contraction can
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




be adjusted as needed - correct answer ✔force; contraction; alpha-gamma
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




__ contractions involve cyclical contractions (ex: locust flight) - correct answer ✔rhythmic
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




What are the two hypothesis that explain control of rhythmic motion? - correct answer
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




✔peripheral control (chained reflex) hypothesis and central-control hypothesis |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




States that each movement of rhythmic motion is a response to sensory feedback from
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




previous movement - correct answer ✔peripheral control hypothesis |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




States that neural circuit in CNS generates rhythmic activation of motor neurons - correct
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




answer ✔central-control hypothesis |||||| ||||||

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