GC 3460 TEST 1 QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS
Linen - ANSWER-was the main source of fiber until 1866 when the production of chemical woodpulp by
an alkaline/soda process took place.
Groundwood - ANSWER-this was developed in 1867.
Kraft - ANSWER-the first was used in 1909 and bleached 30 years later.
98% of paper comes from? - ANSWER-wood (trees)
What is paper? - ANSWER-Broken down plant fibers that are pulled through a screen and reconstituted
as a mat
True Paper - ANSWER-made from reducing raw material into individual fibers and then forming it into a
sheet. It was first developed in China by Ts'al Lun
Cuiform - ANSWER-was Mesoptamian and was clay tablets that were marked on with tools.
Papyrus - ANSWER-was developed in Egypt, and was made by slicing plant stalks very thinly and then
weaving them together; light weight but can only write on one side. Not considered paper; very durable
substrate
Parchment - ANSWER-was made by splitting sheep skin into two layers, one was turned to leather in the
sub, the other treated to get turned into parchment; made out of animal hide like sheep skin, flexible
and durable material; advantages: can write on both sides, not nearly as absorbent so it can hold fine
characters, it can be bound together.
Vellum - ANSWER-was a product of calfskin. cows have much coarser skin causing the material to be
pitted. These are texturized and uncoated paper, has some bite to it (crushes a little), accepts pencil and
ink well.
Stamping Mills - ANSWER-rather than grinding parts they use a water powered system; developed by the
Muslims; Italians improved it by using water power and using a wire mesh (also known as the hammer
mill)
Hollander Beaters - ANSWER-series of wheels with a groove (like a series of gears) and as it turns it
circulates the water and tears apart the fibers; developed by the Dutch
Watermarks - ANSWER-Italians invented them
Fourdrinier Machine - ANSWER-developed in 1801, the Fourdrinier brothers financed the development
of the first paper-making machine along with engineer Bryan Donkin.
First to produce real paper - ANSWER-China
Buddhist monks spread it to - ANSWER-Japan (where they first recycled)
Who spread to the Muslims? - ANSWER-Crusades
What did the Muslims do? - ANSWER--reinvented recycling (repulping)
-were first to make paper from linen (cloth)
-invented the stamping mill/hammer mill
What did Italy do? - ANSWER--improved the stamping mill by using water power
-used a wire mesh (wove or laid)
-added watermarks and guilds
-invented the screw press
-drying sheets on a rope
-dip sizing
Who invented the Hollander Beater? - ANSWER-The Dutch
Where and when was the first paper-making machine erected? - ANSWER-1803- Frogmore, England
First Kraft wood pulp was used in - ANSWER-1909
Hold-out - ANSWER-How well the ink sits on the paper
, Whiteness - ANSWER-whiteness is the measure of how evenly the light is being reflected from the
substrate
Brightness - ANSWER-enhanced not only by bleaching the fibers but also by adding fluorescing pigments
to the pulp; A measure of the paper's ability to reflect light. The higher the percent the bright the paper
will be. It is the volume of light reflected off the sheet of paper
Strength - ANSWER-enhanced by beating the fibers
fluorescence - ANSWER-whiteners are put into paper to enhance appearance. They turn UV light to
visible light in the blue side of the spectrum.
Opacity - ANSWER-how opaque the paper is
Absorbency - ANSWER-how well the substrate absorbs the ink
grain direction - ANSWER-determined by the direction of the wire of moving when the pulp is extruded
onto it.
formation - ANSWER-formation of the fibers determines the strength or tinsel of the paper.
stiffness - ANSWER-how stiff the paper is
caliper - ANSWER-how the the paper is in one/one thousandths of an inch
Hard Wood - ANSWER-come from deciduous trees (oak, poplar, maple, chestnut, gum, beech, birth)
leafy trees; short fibers that add smoothness and consistency to the paper
Soft Wood - ANSWER-comes from coniferous trees (pine, fir, spruce, hemlock) and are longer fibers that
give strength to the paper.
Modern Papermaking Process (Step 1) - ANSWER-. Front end (including wire): liquid pulp (99% water) is
fed from the headbox through the slice. Stock pours onto the wire where the fibers are caught and water
is drained and vacuumed away. Grain Direction set as fiber strike through moving wire (30 mph). Weight
is set by the rate of flow and the wire speed. Dandy roll presses the fibers together into a wet ribbon aka
the web and presses out air bubbles (here, watermarks can be embossed into the web). Deckle straps
hold the layer of pulp down on the wire mesh belt. Couch roll transfers web from wire to felts; at the end
of of the wire, its down to 75% of water.
Modern Papermaking Process (Step 2) - ANSWER-Removing Water (felts to driers): pressing is when the
belts move the web between the press rolls, which removed more water to make the web 65% water
and compress between felts. It enters the driers, where the damp web passes between hot cylinders and
felt-covered belts that absorb water to reduce moisture to only 5-10%
Modern Papermaking process (Step 3) - ANSWER-Calendaring: after sizing and final drying, the web
passes through the calendar stacks before being wound on reels or cut into sheets It increases
smoothness and gloss but decreases caliper and opacity.
4 Reasons for Coating - ANSWER-1. ink holdout
2. smoothness
3. gloss
4. brightness
What does coatings consist of? - ANSWER-It consists of pigment, adhesive, and optional additives: clay,
calcium carbonate (opacity, porosity), titanium dioxide (opacity, whiteness, brightness), and polystyrene
(gloss).
What are three methods you use to apply the coating? - ANSWER-Blade coater, air knife, and cast
coating
Blade coater - ANSWER--doctor blade
-fills valleys
-uneven application
Air Knife - ANSWER--uniform coating but doesn't smooth
Cast coating - ANSWER-layer of coating applied and polished against a heated drum for extremely
smooth glossy surface
VERIFIED ANSWERS
Linen - ANSWER-was the main source of fiber until 1866 when the production of chemical woodpulp by
an alkaline/soda process took place.
Groundwood - ANSWER-this was developed in 1867.
Kraft - ANSWER-the first was used in 1909 and bleached 30 years later.
98% of paper comes from? - ANSWER-wood (trees)
What is paper? - ANSWER-Broken down plant fibers that are pulled through a screen and reconstituted
as a mat
True Paper - ANSWER-made from reducing raw material into individual fibers and then forming it into a
sheet. It was first developed in China by Ts'al Lun
Cuiform - ANSWER-was Mesoptamian and was clay tablets that were marked on with tools.
Papyrus - ANSWER-was developed in Egypt, and was made by slicing plant stalks very thinly and then
weaving them together; light weight but can only write on one side. Not considered paper; very durable
substrate
Parchment - ANSWER-was made by splitting sheep skin into two layers, one was turned to leather in the
sub, the other treated to get turned into parchment; made out of animal hide like sheep skin, flexible
and durable material; advantages: can write on both sides, not nearly as absorbent so it can hold fine
characters, it can be bound together.
Vellum - ANSWER-was a product of calfskin. cows have much coarser skin causing the material to be
pitted. These are texturized and uncoated paper, has some bite to it (crushes a little), accepts pencil and
ink well.
Stamping Mills - ANSWER-rather than grinding parts they use a water powered system; developed by the
Muslims; Italians improved it by using water power and using a wire mesh (also known as the hammer
mill)
Hollander Beaters - ANSWER-series of wheels with a groove (like a series of gears) and as it turns it
circulates the water and tears apart the fibers; developed by the Dutch
Watermarks - ANSWER-Italians invented them
Fourdrinier Machine - ANSWER-developed in 1801, the Fourdrinier brothers financed the development
of the first paper-making machine along with engineer Bryan Donkin.
First to produce real paper - ANSWER-China
Buddhist monks spread it to - ANSWER-Japan (where they first recycled)
Who spread to the Muslims? - ANSWER-Crusades
What did the Muslims do? - ANSWER--reinvented recycling (repulping)
-were first to make paper from linen (cloth)
-invented the stamping mill/hammer mill
What did Italy do? - ANSWER--improved the stamping mill by using water power
-used a wire mesh (wove or laid)
-added watermarks and guilds
-invented the screw press
-drying sheets on a rope
-dip sizing
Who invented the Hollander Beater? - ANSWER-The Dutch
Where and when was the first paper-making machine erected? - ANSWER-1803- Frogmore, England
First Kraft wood pulp was used in - ANSWER-1909
Hold-out - ANSWER-How well the ink sits on the paper
, Whiteness - ANSWER-whiteness is the measure of how evenly the light is being reflected from the
substrate
Brightness - ANSWER-enhanced not only by bleaching the fibers but also by adding fluorescing pigments
to the pulp; A measure of the paper's ability to reflect light. The higher the percent the bright the paper
will be. It is the volume of light reflected off the sheet of paper
Strength - ANSWER-enhanced by beating the fibers
fluorescence - ANSWER-whiteners are put into paper to enhance appearance. They turn UV light to
visible light in the blue side of the spectrum.
Opacity - ANSWER-how opaque the paper is
Absorbency - ANSWER-how well the substrate absorbs the ink
grain direction - ANSWER-determined by the direction of the wire of moving when the pulp is extruded
onto it.
formation - ANSWER-formation of the fibers determines the strength or tinsel of the paper.
stiffness - ANSWER-how stiff the paper is
caliper - ANSWER-how the the paper is in one/one thousandths of an inch
Hard Wood - ANSWER-come from deciduous trees (oak, poplar, maple, chestnut, gum, beech, birth)
leafy trees; short fibers that add smoothness and consistency to the paper
Soft Wood - ANSWER-comes from coniferous trees (pine, fir, spruce, hemlock) and are longer fibers that
give strength to the paper.
Modern Papermaking Process (Step 1) - ANSWER-. Front end (including wire): liquid pulp (99% water) is
fed from the headbox through the slice. Stock pours onto the wire where the fibers are caught and water
is drained and vacuumed away. Grain Direction set as fiber strike through moving wire (30 mph). Weight
is set by the rate of flow and the wire speed. Dandy roll presses the fibers together into a wet ribbon aka
the web and presses out air bubbles (here, watermarks can be embossed into the web). Deckle straps
hold the layer of pulp down on the wire mesh belt. Couch roll transfers web from wire to felts; at the end
of of the wire, its down to 75% of water.
Modern Papermaking Process (Step 2) - ANSWER-Removing Water (felts to driers): pressing is when the
belts move the web between the press rolls, which removed more water to make the web 65% water
and compress between felts. It enters the driers, where the damp web passes between hot cylinders and
felt-covered belts that absorb water to reduce moisture to only 5-10%
Modern Papermaking process (Step 3) - ANSWER-Calendaring: after sizing and final drying, the web
passes through the calendar stacks before being wound on reels or cut into sheets It increases
smoothness and gloss but decreases caliper and opacity.
4 Reasons for Coating - ANSWER-1. ink holdout
2. smoothness
3. gloss
4. brightness
What does coatings consist of? - ANSWER-It consists of pigment, adhesive, and optional additives: clay,
calcium carbonate (opacity, porosity), titanium dioxide (opacity, whiteness, brightness), and polystyrene
(gloss).
What are three methods you use to apply the coating? - ANSWER-Blade coater, air knife, and cast
coating
Blade coater - ANSWER--doctor blade
-fills valleys
-uneven application
Air Knife - ANSWER--uniform coating but doesn't smooth
Cast coating - ANSWER-layer of coating applied and polished against a heated drum for extremely
smooth glossy surface
