describe obesity and type 2 diabetes
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obesity is a great risk factor for type 2
-excess free fatty acids causes beta cell toxicity, insulin resistance in
peripheral tissues and inhibits glycogen storage, increase hepatic glucose
production (glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis)
,what is the pathophysiology and the causes of stress ulcers?
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the cause is physiological stress
is ischemic cause is there is sympathetic stimulation which leads to ischemia
of GI tract and inhibits mucous and bicarb production which is what
protects the stomach from acid
how does GERD and peptic ulcer disease differ?
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in GERD the stomach acid goes into the esophagus but in peptic ulcer
disease the stomach acid weakens the stomach lining and creates an ulcer
what are the s/s of cretinism?
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cretinism s/s are associated with untreated congenital hypothyroidism
-prolonged physiologic jaundice
-hoarse cry/enlarged tongue
-enlarged abdomen and umbilical hernia
-constipation
-sluggish/lethargic
-mental retardation and impaired growth if not treated
,what are the actions of cortisol?
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glucose metabolism effects; gluconeogenesis, insulin resistance
protein metabolism effects; increased breakdown proteins to amino acids
fat metabolism; mobilization of fatty acids, increased use of fats for energy,
altered fat distribution
influences emotional behavior
suppression immune/inflammatory response
what are the common manifestations of polycystic ovarian syndrome?
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it is an endocrine disorder with 2 of 3 features
-irregular menstruation/ovulation; anovulation
-hyperandrogenism; excess hormone secretion that includes things like
facial hair
-polycystic ovaries
s/s may include dysfunctional bleeding/amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne,
infertility, acanthosis nigricans
what is achondroplasia?
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, type of short stature
-70-80% of dwarfism cases
-autosomal dominant or new mutation
-mutation of fibroblastic growth factor receptor gene
-inhibits cartilage formation/bone growth
-not related to GH
what is prostatitis? what are the causes/types of it and the signs and symptoms?
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inflammation of the prostate
can be bacterial or nonbacterial which is chronic prostatitis which is aka
chronic pelvic pain syndrome or proctodynia; nonbacterial is most
common and the cause is unclear: reflux of urine and autoimmune
s/s: dysuria, frequency, perineal pain; if acute there is a sudden onset,
perineal pain, and high fever
describe the problems with type 1 DM
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-high serum glucose level (>126mg/dL); usually higher at diagnosis
-no insulin so glucose is not being used by many cells which means they
need to use other fuel which leads to protein and fat breakdown
-you get weight loss and polyphagia
-ketones and ketoacidosis from increased metabolism fatty acids
Give this one a try later!
obesity is a great risk factor for type 2
-excess free fatty acids causes beta cell toxicity, insulin resistance in
peripheral tissues and inhibits glycogen storage, increase hepatic glucose
production (glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis)
,what is the pathophysiology and the causes of stress ulcers?
Give this one a try later!
the cause is physiological stress
is ischemic cause is there is sympathetic stimulation which leads to ischemia
of GI tract and inhibits mucous and bicarb production which is what
protects the stomach from acid
how does GERD and peptic ulcer disease differ?
Give this one a try later!
in GERD the stomach acid goes into the esophagus but in peptic ulcer
disease the stomach acid weakens the stomach lining and creates an ulcer
what are the s/s of cretinism?
Give this one a try later!
cretinism s/s are associated with untreated congenital hypothyroidism
-prolonged physiologic jaundice
-hoarse cry/enlarged tongue
-enlarged abdomen and umbilical hernia
-constipation
-sluggish/lethargic
-mental retardation and impaired growth if not treated
,what are the actions of cortisol?
Give this one a try later!
glucose metabolism effects; gluconeogenesis, insulin resistance
protein metabolism effects; increased breakdown proteins to amino acids
fat metabolism; mobilization of fatty acids, increased use of fats for energy,
altered fat distribution
influences emotional behavior
suppression immune/inflammatory response
what are the common manifestations of polycystic ovarian syndrome?
Give this one a try later!
it is an endocrine disorder with 2 of 3 features
-irregular menstruation/ovulation; anovulation
-hyperandrogenism; excess hormone secretion that includes things like
facial hair
-polycystic ovaries
s/s may include dysfunctional bleeding/amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne,
infertility, acanthosis nigricans
what is achondroplasia?
Give this one a try later!
, type of short stature
-70-80% of dwarfism cases
-autosomal dominant or new mutation
-mutation of fibroblastic growth factor receptor gene
-inhibits cartilage formation/bone growth
-not related to GH
what is prostatitis? what are the causes/types of it and the signs and symptoms?
Give this one a try later!
inflammation of the prostate
can be bacterial or nonbacterial which is chronic prostatitis which is aka
chronic pelvic pain syndrome or proctodynia; nonbacterial is most
common and the cause is unclear: reflux of urine and autoimmune
s/s: dysuria, frequency, perineal pain; if acute there is a sudden onset,
perineal pain, and high fever
describe the problems with type 1 DM
Give this one a try later!
-high serum glucose level (>126mg/dL); usually higher at diagnosis
-no insulin so glucose is not being used by many cells which means they
need to use other fuel which leads to protein and fat breakdown
-you get weight loss and polyphagia
-ketones and ketoacidosis from increased metabolism fatty acids
