PATH370 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
What are some examples of tertiary preventaion - ANSWER-counseling on medications
Primary level of prevention - ANSWER-altering susceptible or reducing exposure for susceptible persons
Secondary level of prevention - ANSWER-early detection, screening, and management of disease
Tertiary level of prevention - ANSWER-rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring
effective functioning following disease
latenet period - ANSWER-the time between exposure of tissue to the injurious agent and the possibility
of the first appearance of signs and symptoms
prodromal period - ANSWER-the time during which the first signs and symptoms appear indicating the
onset of the disease
endemic - ANSWER-native to a local region
pandemic - ANSWER-spread to large geographic areas
epidemic - ANSWER-spread to many people at the same time
subclinical stage - ANSWER-patient functions normally but the disease processes are well established;
have a condition but the condition is managed
Etiology - ANSWER-study of the cause or reason for disease; identifies causal factors that provoke a
particular disease or injury
idiopathic - ANSWER-cause is unknown
iatrogenic - ANSWER-cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment
Examples of primary prevention - ANSWER-Vaccines, healthy diet, exercise, patient education
Allostasis - ANSWER-outside of homeostasis and attempting to bring the body back to homeostasis
What hormones are secreted during the stress response - ANSWER-corticotropin-releasing hormones
Selye's three phases of stress - ANSWER-Alarm stage, resistance or adaptation stage, exhaustion stage
Alarm stage - ANSWER-fight or flight response as the result of a stressful stimulus
Resistance or adaptation stage - ANSWER-activity of the nervous and endocrine system in returning the
body to homeostasis
Allostatic overload - ANSWER-"cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively
regulated allostatic response
Exhaustion stage - ANSWER-the point where the body can no longer return to homeostasis
What is the sympathetic nervous system mediated by? - ANSWER-norepinephrine
Catecholamines secreted by the SNS and adrenal medulla - ANSWER-norepinephrine and epinephrine
Corticosteroids secreted by the adrenal cortex - ANSWER-cortisol and aldosterone
Cellular Adaptation - ANSWER-allows the stressed tissue to survive or maintain function
intracellular accumulations - ANSWER-buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or
eliminate; lead to cellular injury
hydrophic swelling - ANSWER-cellular swelling because of accumulation of water; malfunction of
sodium-potassium pump with an accumulation of sodium ions within the cell
What are the four examples of intracellular accumulations - ANSWER-abnormal metabolism, defect in
protein folding or transport, lack of enzymes, and ingestion of indigestible materials
Atrophy - ANSWER-cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in response to normal and
injurious factors
Hypertrophy - ANSWER-increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity in
response to physiological and pathophysiological demands
Hyperplasia - ANSWER-increase in functional capacity related to an increase in cell number because of
mitotic division
, Metaplasia - ANSWER-replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
Dysplasia - ANSWER-disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variations in size, shape, and
arrangement
What are the different types of necrosis? - ANSWER-coagulative, liquefactive, fat necrosis, and caseous
necrosis
Coagulative necrosis - ANSWER-most common type; process begins with ischemia and ends with
degradation of plasma membrane
Liquifactive necrosis - ANSWER-dissolution of dead cells; formation of abscess or cyst from dissolved
dead tissue
Fat necrosis - ANSWER-death of the adipose tissue that is the result of trauma or pancreatitis; chalky
white area of tissue
caseous necrosis - ANSWER-degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance;
characteristic of lung damage from TB
Apoptosis - ANSWER-process of programmed cell death
What are some side effects of chemotherapy? - ANSWER-anemia, nausea, bleeding, and infection
Oma - ANSWER-suffix for a benign tumor
carcinoma - ANSWER-a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue
sarcoma - ANSWER-malignant tumor of connective tissue
Leukemia - ANSWER-malignancy of the white blood cells
Grading - ANSWER-hitological characterization of tumor cells; the degree of anaplasia; the greater
degree of anaplasia = the greater degree of malignant potential
Staging - ANSWER-Location and patterns of spread within the host.
Tumor size, extent of local growth, lymph node and organ involvement, distant metastasis; Results of
staging determine treatment modality
anaplasia - ANSWER-loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type
What are some deficits in immune system function in cancer? - ANSWER-chemotherapy, cancer cells,
cancer metastasis to bone marrow, and malnutrition
Bone marrow suppression in cancer patients - ANSWER-contributes to the anemia, leukopenia, and
thrombocytopenia
Leukopenia - ANSWER-decrease in the circulation of white blood cells; reduces the patients ability to
fight infection
Thrombocytopenia - ANSWER-deficiency in the number of circulating platelets, which are needed for
clotting
What are tumor marker functions? - ANSWER-produced by normal cells, help determine cancer origin,
help identify progression of cancer, and include prostatic-specific antigen
Tumor Supressing Genes - ANSWER-Contribute to cancer only when they are not present; can inherit a
defective copy of tumor supressor gene or there can be a mutation that causes the gene to not function
properly
Rb gene - ANSWER-normally functions as the master break in the cell cycle and will stop cell division of
an unwanted cell; and inactivating mutation will remove the restraints on cell devision and replication
will occur
p53 gene - ANSWER-most common tumor suppressor gene defect; normally it will inhibit cell cycling and
damage to this gene will allow mutated or damaged cells to survive and continue replicating
BRACA1 and BRACA2 - ANSWER-tumor supressor genes commonly associated with breast cancer; family
history and inherited defects in these genes increase risk factors for breast cancer
Type I Hypersensitivity - ANSWER-An immediate allergic or anaphylactic type of reaction that is mediated
by sensitized mast cells; signs and symptoms occur within 15 to 30 minutes
ANSWERS
What are some examples of tertiary preventaion - ANSWER-counseling on medications
Primary level of prevention - ANSWER-altering susceptible or reducing exposure for susceptible persons
Secondary level of prevention - ANSWER-early detection, screening, and management of disease
Tertiary level of prevention - ANSWER-rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring
effective functioning following disease
latenet period - ANSWER-the time between exposure of tissue to the injurious agent and the possibility
of the first appearance of signs and symptoms
prodromal period - ANSWER-the time during which the first signs and symptoms appear indicating the
onset of the disease
endemic - ANSWER-native to a local region
pandemic - ANSWER-spread to large geographic areas
epidemic - ANSWER-spread to many people at the same time
subclinical stage - ANSWER-patient functions normally but the disease processes are well established;
have a condition but the condition is managed
Etiology - ANSWER-study of the cause or reason for disease; identifies causal factors that provoke a
particular disease or injury
idiopathic - ANSWER-cause is unknown
iatrogenic - ANSWER-cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment
Examples of primary prevention - ANSWER-Vaccines, healthy diet, exercise, patient education
Allostasis - ANSWER-outside of homeostasis and attempting to bring the body back to homeostasis
What hormones are secreted during the stress response - ANSWER-corticotropin-releasing hormones
Selye's three phases of stress - ANSWER-Alarm stage, resistance or adaptation stage, exhaustion stage
Alarm stage - ANSWER-fight or flight response as the result of a stressful stimulus
Resistance or adaptation stage - ANSWER-activity of the nervous and endocrine system in returning the
body to homeostasis
Allostatic overload - ANSWER-"cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively
regulated allostatic response
Exhaustion stage - ANSWER-the point where the body can no longer return to homeostasis
What is the sympathetic nervous system mediated by? - ANSWER-norepinephrine
Catecholamines secreted by the SNS and adrenal medulla - ANSWER-norepinephrine and epinephrine
Corticosteroids secreted by the adrenal cortex - ANSWER-cortisol and aldosterone
Cellular Adaptation - ANSWER-allows the stressed tissue to survive or maintain function
intracellular accumulations - ANSWER-buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or
eliminate; lead to cellular injury
hydrophic swelling - ANSWER-cellular swelling because of accumulation of water; malfunction of
sodium-potassium pump with an accumulation of sodium ions within the cell
What are the four examples of intracellular accumulations - ANSWER-abnormal metabolism, defect in
protein folding or transport, lack of enzymes, and ingestion of indigestible materials
Atrophy - ANSWER-cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in response to normal and
injurious factors
Hypertrophy - ANSWER-increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity in
response to physiological and pathophysiological demands
Hyperplasia - ANSWER-increase in functional capacity related to an increase in cell number because of
mitotic division
, Metaplasia - ANSWER-replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
Dysplasia - ANSWER-disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variations in size, shape, and
arrangement
What are the different types of necrosis? - ANSWER-coagulative, liquefactive, fat necrosis, and caseous
necrosis
Coagulative necrosis - ANSWER-most common type; process begins with ischemia and ends with
degradation of plasma membrane
Liquifactive necrosis - ANSWER-dissolution of dead cells; formation of abscess or cyst from dissolved
dead tissue
Fat necrosis - ANSWER-death of the adipose tissue that is the result of trauma or pancreatitis; chalky
white area of tissue
caseous necrosis - ANSWER-degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance;
characteristic of lung damage from TB
Apoptosis - ANSWER-process of programmed cell death
What are some side effects of chemotherapy? - ANSWER-anemia, nausea, bleeding, and infection
Oma - ANSWER-suffix for a benign tumor
carcinoma - ANSWER-a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue
sarcoma - ANSWER-malignant tumor of connective tissue
Leukemia - ANSWER-malignancy of the white blood cells
Grading - ANSWER-hitological characterization of tumor cells; the degree of anaplasia; the greater
degree of anaplasia = the greater degree of malignant potential
Staging - ANSWER-Location and patterns of spread within the host.
Tumor size, extent of local growth, lymph node and organ involvement, distant metastasis; Results of
staging determine treatment modality
anaplasia - ANSWER-loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type
What are some deficits in immune system function in cancer? - ANSWER-chemotherapy, cancer cells,
cancer metastasis to bone marrow, and malnutrition
Bone marrow suppression in cancer patients - ANSWER-contributes to the anemia, leukopenia, and
thrombocytopenia
Leukopenia - ANSWER-decrease in the circulation of white blood cells; reduces the patients ability to
fight infection
Thrombocytopenia - ANSWER-deficiency in the number of circulating platelets, which are needed for
clotting
What are tumor marker functions? - ANSWER-produced by normal cells, help determine cancer origin,
help identify progression of cancer, and include prostatic-specific antigen
Tumor Supressing Genes - ANSWER-Contribute to cancer only when they are not present; can inherit a
defective copy of tumor supressor gene or there can be a mutation that causes the gene to not function
properly
Rb gene - ANSWER-normally functions as the master break in the cell cycle and will stop cell division of
an unwanted cell; and inactivating mutation will remove the restraints on cell devision and replication
will occur
p53 gene - ANSWER-most common tumor suppressor gene defect; normally it will inhibit cell cycling and
damage to this gene will allow mutated or damaged cells to survive and continue replicating
BRACA1 and BRACA2 - ANSWER-tumor supressor genes commonly associated with breast cancer; family
history and inherited defects in these genes increase risk factors for breast cancer
Type I Hypersensitivity - ANSWER-An immediate allergic or anaphylactic type of reaction that is mediated
by sensitized mast cells; signs and symptoms occur within 15 to 30 minutes
