PHRM 2101 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
VERIFIED 100% CORRECT
What is Hashimoto's disease - ✔✔Autoimmune attack of thyroid gland. Initial inflammation
= hyper, followed by hypo
What are thyroid hormones derived from? - ✔✔Tyrosine and iodine
What is grave's disease? - ✔✔Antibodies bind to TSH receptors, causing hyperthyroidism
(T4^)
What effects does T3/T4 have? - ✔✔-metabolism
-growth and development
-calorigenic/thermic
-CV and sympathomimetic
-reproduction
What is osteomalacia/rickets? - ✔✔Bone softening due to vid D, calcium or phosphate
deficiency. Risk of fractures ^
What is renal osteodystrophy? - ✔✔Caused by chronic renal insufficiency OR
electrolyte/endocrine abnormalities. Leads to osteomalacia, hypocalcaemia,
hyperphosphatemia or hyperparathyroidism
Paget's disease and its phases - ✔✔Excessive bone growth and resorption (genetic or
infection).
Lytic, mixed, sclerotic, dormant.
What are the regions of the adrenal gland? - ✔✔glomerulosa - aldosterone
, fasciculata - cortisol
reticularis- androgens
medulla - catecholamines
What is Addisonian crisis? - ✔✔Acute adrenal insufficiency due to sudden discontinuation of
glucocorticoid medications, trauma, infection or stress
Prednisone vs prednisolone - ✔✔Prednisone is a prodrug that is metabolised to
prednisolone. Both mimic natural cortisol
Describe pathway of pancreatic beta cells - ✔✔Glucose transported inside by GLUT2,
glycolysis released ATP, ATP binds to block K+ channel causing depolarisation. Voltage gated
Ca2+ channel opens. Ca 2+ influx causes insulin to fuse with outer membrane of cell - releasing
it.
Explain what the 5 GLUT transporters are - ✔✔GLUT 1 - many
GLUT 2 - liver hepatocytes, beta cells
GLUT 3 - most cells (CNS)
GLUT 4 - muscle myocytes, fat adipocytes (insulin dependent)
GLUT 5 - intestinal epithelial cells (fructose)
What's polyphagia and why does it occur in diabetes - ✔✔Hunger - as blood sugar cannot be
used as a body fuel even though blood levels are high
Biguanides (Metformin) - ✔✔-suppress gluconeogenesis in the liver
-increases glucose uptake into muscles
-decreases intestinal glucose absorption
contra: liver/kidney disease
VERIFIED 100% CORRECT
What is Hashimoto's disease - ✔✔Autoimmune attack of thyroid gland. Initial inflammation
= hyper, followed by hypo
What are thyroid hormones derived from? - ✔✔Tyrosine and iodine
What is grave's disease? - ✔✔Antibodies bind to TSH receptors, causing hyperthyroidism
(T4^)
What effects does T3/T4 have? - ✔✔-metabolism
-growth and development
-calorigenic/thermic
-CV and sympathomimetic
-reproduction
What is osteomalacia/rickets? - ✔✔Bone softening due to vid D, calcium or phosphate
deficiency. Risk of fractures ^
What is renal osteodystrophy? - ✔✔Caused by chronic renal insufficiency OR
electrolyte/endocrine abnormalities. Leads to osteomalacia, hypocalcaemia,
hyperphosphatemia or hyperparathyroidism
Paget's disease and its phases - ✔✔Excessive bone growth and resorption (genetic or
infection).
Lytic, mixed, sclerotic, dormant.
What are the regions of the adrenal gland? - ✔✔glomerulosa - aldosterone
, fasciculata - cortisol
reticularis- androgens
medulla - catecholamines
What is Addisonian crisis? - ✔✔Acute adrenal insufficiency due to sudden discontinuation of
glucocorticoid medications, trauma, infection or stress
Prednisone vs prednisolone - ✔✔Prednisone is a prodrug that is metabolised to
prednisolone. Both mimic natural cortisol
Describe pathway of pancreatic beta cells - ✔✔Glucose transported inside by GLUT2,
glycolysis released ATP, ATP binds to block K+ channel causing depolarisation. Voltage gated
Ca2+ channel opens. Ca 2+ influx causes insulin to fuse with outer membrane of cell - releasing
it.
Explain what the 5 GLUT transporters are - ✔✔GLUT 1 - many
GLUT 2 - liver hepatocytes, beta cells
GLUT 3 - most cells (CNS)
GLUT 4 - muscle myocytes, fat adipocytes (insulin dependent)
GLUT 5 - intestinal epithelial cells (fructose)
What's polyphagia and why does it occur in diabetes - ✔✔Hunger - as blood sugar cannot be
used as a body fuel even though blood levels are high
Biguanides (Metformin) - ✔✔-suppress gluconeogenesis in the liver
-increases glucose uptake into muscles
-decreases intestinal glucose absorption
contra: liver/kidney disease
