Psychopharmacology (PSY 432): Exam 1
a drug that does not cause a change in receptor activity; Receptor activity REMAINS AT BASELINE; Receptor activity
does NOT DECREASE - ANS -Antagonist
\a drug that causes a change in receptor activity (increases or decreases receptor activity) - ANS -Agonist
\Characterized by physiological adaptations due to repeated drug use; Tolerance; Sensitization; Withdrawal - ANS
-physical dependence
\discreet cells and the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system - ANS -neuron
\Dose at which 50% of subjects die; Only examined in preclinical studies; Dose is normalized for body weight (mg/kg,
g/kg, etc.) - ANS -LD50
\Dose of a drug needed to achieve a given effect relative to another drug or standard; Lower dose = more potent; Higher
dose = less potent - ANS -potency
\Drug effects decrease following repeated exposure; Metabolic tolerance (when body starts to metabolize a drug faster
after repeated exposure); Physiological tolerance (see a physical change in some type of system of the body); Behavioral
tolerance (how you feel when taking a drug) - ANS -tolerance
\Drug is ABSORBED THROUGH the skin - ANS -Transdermal
\Drug is inhaled as smoke or vapor and absorbed through the lungs - ANS -Inhalation
\Drug is injected into a muscle - ANS -Intramuscular (i.m.)
\Drug is injected into a vein - ANS -Intravenous (i.v.)
\Drug is injected into the abdomen - ANS -Intraperitoneal (i.p.)
\Drug is INJECTED UNDER the skin - ANS -Subcutaneous (s.c.)
\Drug is taken orally and absorbed through the digestive system - ANS -Oral (p.o.)
\Drug with a lower efficacy compared to a "full" agonist with the same mechanism of action - ANS -Partial Agonist
\Drug with the opposite effect of a typical agonist - ANS -Inverse Agonist
\Effects of drugs on the body - ANS -Pharmacodynamics
\Habitual drug use; The user desires a drug; Suffers no ill effects on its discontinuance - ANS -psychological dependence
, \have physical dependence, psychological dependence, loss of control of drug use, and drug use results in harmful
consequences; must have all four to have a drug addiction. - ANS -drug addiction
\Houses major organelles that are involved in regulating the functions of the cell; receives signals from other neurons -
ANS -Cell body (soma)
\How can drugs act as FUNCTIONAL agonists or antagonists to alter the steps of neurotransmission? - ANS -Functional
antagonists decrease the first five steps of neurotransmission and increase deactivation. Functional agonists increase first
five steps of neurotransmission and decrease deactivation.
\How does a competitive antagonist work? - ANS -• Competes with a direct agonist or neurotransmitter for the same
binding site; Prevents the agonist or neurotransmitter from binding
\How does a direct agonist work? - ANS -Mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter
\How is the safety of a drug determined? (MIGHT BE ON AN ESSAY QUESTION!) - ANS -By the therapeutic index
(LD50/ED50)
\inhibitory neurotransmitter; promotes sleep and suppresses arousal - ANS -adensosine
\Is it possible for two drugs to have the same efficacies but different potencies? Explain how - ANS -Yes, because efficacy
is just the maximum effects of drugs on the body, it is possible for two drugs to have the same maximum effect on the
body, so the same efficacies. Potency is the dose needed to achieve a certain effect of a drug, so one drug may need a
lower dose and one may need a higher dose, so their potencies would differ.
\Is it possible for two drugs to have the same potencies but different efficacies? Explain how. - ANS -Yes, because two
drugs might need, for example, 50mg to get a desired effect, so the same potencies. But, at the same time, they could
have totally different effects on the body, which means they'd have different efficacies
\LD50/ED50; Indication of the relative safety of a drug; Higher Index = lower risk of fatal overdose; Lower Index = higher
risk of fatal overdose - ANS -Therapeutic Index
\Leads to neural excitation; Increases likelihood of an action potential occurring - ANS -Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential
\Leads to neural inhibition; Decreases likelihood of an action potential occurring - ANS -Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential
\Like charges repel; Opposite charges attract - ANS -Electrostatic Pressure
\Major excitatory neurotransmitter; Learning and memory; Synaptic plasticity (creating new synapses and strengthening
connections between neurons; Seizures (Overactivation); receptors are mainly calcium channels, so calcium comes in
and then excitatory effects happen. Ketamine and other drugs (PCP and alcohol) block these channels. - ANS -Glutamate
a drug that does not cause a change in receptor activity; Receptor activity REMAINS AT BASELINE; Receptor activity
does NOT DECREASE - ANS -Antagonist
\a drug that causes a change in receptor activity (increases or decreases receptor activity) - ANS -Agonist
\Characterized by physiological adaptations due to repeated drug use; Tolerance; Sensitization; Withdrawal - ANS
-physical dependence
\discreet cells and the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system - ANS -neuron
\Dose at which 50% of subjects die; Only examined in preclinical studies; Dose is normalized for body weight (mg/kg,
g/kg, etc.) - ANS -LD50
\Dose of a drug needed to achieve a given effect relative to another drug or standard; Lower dose = more potent; Higher
dose = less potent - ANS -potency
\Drug effects decrease following repeated exposure; Metabolic tolerance (when body starts to metabolize a drug faster
after repeated exposure); Physiological tolerance (see a physical change in some type of system of the body); Behavioral
tolerance (how you feel when taking a drug) - ANS -tolerance
\Drug is ABSORBED THROUGH the skin - ANS -Transdermal
\Drug is inhaled as smoke or vapor and absorbed through the lungs - ANS -Inhalation
\Drug is injected into a muscle - ANS -Intramuscular (i.m.)
\Drug is injected into a vein - ANS -Intravenous (i.v.)
\Drug is injected into the abdomen - ANS -Intraperitoneal (i.p.)
\Drug is INJECTED UNDER the skin - ANS -Subcutaneous (s.c.)
\Drug is taken orally and absorbed through the digestive system - ANS -Oral (p.o.)
\Drug with a lower efficacy compared to a "full" agonist with the same mechanism of action - ANS -Partial Agonist
\Drug with the opposite effect of a typical agonist - ANS -Inverse Agonist
\Effects of drugs on the body - ANS -Pharmacodynamics
\Habitual drug use; The user desires a drug; Suffers no ill effects on its discontinuance - ANS -psychological dependence
, \have physical dependence, psychological dependence, loss of control of drug use, and drug use results in harmful
consequences; must have all four to have a drug addiction. - ANS -drug addiction
\Houses major organelles that are involved in regulating the functions of the cell; receives signals from other neurons -
ANS -Cell body (soma)
\How can drugs act as FUNCTIONAL agonists or antagonists to alter the steps of neurotransmission? - ANS -Functional
antagonists decrease the first five steps of neurotransmission and increase deactivation. Functional agonists increase first
five steps of neurotransmission and decrease deactivation.
\How does a competitive antagonist work? - ANS -• Competes with a direct agonist or neurotransmitter for the same
binding site; Prevents the agonist or neurotransmitter from binding
\How does a direct agonist work? - ANS -Mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter
\How is the safety of a drug determined? (MIGHT BE ON AN ESSAY QUESTION!) - ANS -By the therapeutic index
(LD50/ED50)
\inhibitory neurotransmitter; promotes sleep and suppresses arousal - ANS -adensosine
\Is it possible for two drugs to have the same efficacies but different potencies? Explain how - ANS -Yes, because efficacy
is just the maximum effects of drugs on the body, it is possible for two drugs to have the same maximum effect on the
body, so the same efficacies. Potency is the dose needed to achieve a certain effect of a drug, so one drug may need a
lower dose and one may need a higher dose, so their potencies would differ.
\Is it possible for two drugs to have the same potencies but different efficacies? Explain how. - ANS -Yes, because two
drugs might need, for example, 50mg to get a desired effect, so the same potencies. But, at the same time, they could
have totally different effects on the body, which means they'd have different efficacies
\LD50/ED50; Indication of the relative safety of a drug; Higher Index = lower risk of fatal overdose; Lower Index = higher
risk of fatal overdose - ANS -Therapeutic Index
\Leads to neural excitation; Increases likelihood of an action potential occurring - ANS -Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential
\Leads to neural inhibition; Decreases likelihood of an action potential occurring - ANS -Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential
\Like charges repel; Opposite charges attract - ANS -Electrostatic Pressure
\Major excitatory neurotransmitter; Learning and memory; Synaptic plasticity (creating new synapses and strengthening
connections between neurons; Seizures (Overactivation); receptors are mainly calcium channels, so calcium comes in
and then excitatory effects happen. Ketamine and other drugs (PCP and alcohol) block these channels. - ANS -Glutamate
