DTR EXAM PREP- BASIC AND NORMAL NUTRITION
Macronutrients - Answers :Carbs, fat and protein that are needed in large quantities and
contribute to overall energy pool of body.
Micronutrients - Answers :Vitamins and minerals that act as coenzymes, co-catalysts
and buffers in metabolism. Needed in small quantities, support healthy immune system,
tissue repair, growth and development in children and overall health and well-being.
Phytochemicals - Answers :a naturally occurring substance found in plants that act as
natural defense system. Shown to reduce risk of diseases such as cancer and CVD.
What happens when deficient in macro and micro? - Answers :can disrupt metabolism,
exacerbate disease states, lower immune system and lead to poor wound healing.
Deficient in vitamin A? Excess? - Answers :Causes blindness when deficient, in excess
is toxic and can cause liver damage.
What is the disease called in kids when deficient in vitamin D and calcium? - Answers
:Rickets- leads to impairment in bone mineralization
Excess in macros cause? - Answers :Lead to obesity, type 2 diabetes, CVD and
metabolic syndrome.
saturated vs unsaturated fats - Answers :Both are lipids - saturated have NO double
bonds, are saturated with hydrogen, are animal based, solid at room temperature.
Longer shelf life.
unsaturated - have double bonds, are plant based, liquid at room temperature. Less
stable.
2 types of unsaturated fats - Answers :monounsaturated- 1 double bond
polyunsaturated- more than 1 double bond
Examples of monounsaturated fats - Answers :olive, canola, peanut, sunflower,
avocado
Examples of polyunsaturated fats - Answers :sunflower, corn, soybean, flaxseed,
walnuts ad fish
Oil with both types of fats - Answers :Canola (61% mono , 32 % poly)
What type of fat are omega 3 fatty acids? - Answers :polyunsaturated , must come from
dietary sources
Hydrogenation - Answers :Unsaturated fat is hydrogenated, adding hydrogen turning to
saturated fats. Increases shelf life
,Trans-fat - Answers :An unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils,
containing one or more trans double bonds. Shown to increase risk of HD
How is food moved during digestion? - Answers :Moved through esophagus and
intestine via peristalsis.
Peristalsis - Answers :coordinated muscle contraction and relaxation to propel food.
Where does majority of digestion and absorption occur? - Answers :Small intestine -
100 cm, most is complete by middle of jejunum
What is responsible for how food flows through esophagus - Answers :Upper and lower
sphincter
lower esophageal sphincter - Answers :stops food from moving from stomach back into
esophagus and causing heartburn or reflux related symptoms.
Age, weight and diet can interfere w/ function causing uncomfortable symptoms that can
be managed by meds.
What influences rate of stomach emptying - Answers :food matrix- food rich in protein
and carbs empty from stomach at same rate. Complex carbs and fats take longer.
Overall takes about 2-6 hrs
What hormones regulate digestion? - Answers :CCK- cholecystokinin
Secretin
Gastrin
CCK (cholecystokinin) - Answers :Secreted by proximal small bowel and stimulates
pancreas to secrete enzymes.
Slows gastric emptying, stimulates gull bladder contraction and colonic activity. May
regulate appetite.
Secretin - Answers :A hormone secreted by the small intestine (duodenum) in response
to low pH (e.g., from stomach acid). It promotes the release of bicarbonate and water
from the pancreas to act as a buffer.
Inhibits gastric acid secretion and stomach emptying. Stimulated by presence of food in
stomach and smell or sight of food.
Gastrin - Answers :produced in the stomach and stimulates stomach acid (gastrin) and
motility.
,- Answers :
Explain the 4 ways absorption happens. - Answers :Passive diffusion- No energy need,
high to low concentration
Facilitated diffusion- transporter or carrier protein to move particles across membrane.
Active transport- energy needed and carrier protein, against concentration gradient (low
to high).
Pinocytosis- Allows large particles to be absorbed in small quantities. Ex =
immunoglobulins in breast milk
Blood sugar is controlled by these 4 hormones. - Answers :Insulin- made in beta cells of
pancreas & increases cell permeability to glucose.
Glucagon- made in alpha cells of pancreas, encourages breakdown of glycogen to
produce glucose (glycogenolysis)
Glucocorticoids- encourage breakdown of proteins to produce glycogen
(gluconeogenesis).
Epinephrine - Answers :encourages release of liver and muscle stores of glycogen to
produce glucose (glycogenolysis) & decreases release of insulin from pancreas.
T/F Blood sugar increases during catabolic stress - Answers :True
T/F Growth hormones are insulin antagonists - Answers :True
Factors influencing metabolic rate - Answers :Body size, age, gender, hormones,
caffeine, nicotine, alcohol
BMR - Answers :basal metabolic rate- minimum amount of energy needed to keep body
alive (body temp, breathing, heartbeat) Lean body mass is primary factor in
determination.
Carb metabolism and utilization. - Answers :Starts in mouth, primarily in intestines. In
liver, simple sugars are converted to glucose for use or glycogen to be stored. Glucose
only energy source used for brain, Glucose is oxidized in cell to produce energy, CO2
and water
Protein metabolism and utilization - Answers :Broken down into AA sent to tissues via
portal bloodstream. Oxidized to produce co2 and water = heat and energy. Can't be
stored.
Fat metabolism and utilization - Answers :broken down into monoglycerides,
diglycerides, glycerol and FAs. Need carbs for complete oxidation, end products can be
used as fuel or stored in adipose/liver.
, Where is primary location for lipid metabolism? - Answers :Liver
What major organs are involved in excretion? - Answers :Liver, skin, kidneys, lungs,
large intestine and gallbladder.
Kidneys role in excretion. - Answers :The kidney removes nitrogenous waste (urea),
excess water and salts.
Explain liver and large intestines' role in excretion? - Answers :Liver- breaks down
chemicals or other toxins that enter body.
LI- collects waste from body transports food to be expelled.
Gallbladder and bile's role in excretion - Answers :Gallbladder stores and concentrates
bile, produced by liver. Bile is secreted into SI from bile ducts in gallbladder in response
to fats in digestive tract.
Bile emulsifies fat, breaking down into smaller ones.
Alkalizes chyme as it moves from acidic stomach to intestines.
Endocrine system - Answers :Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such
as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Integumentary system - Answers :Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and
nail
DRI - Answers :Dietary Reference Intake- used to help determine peoples adequacy of
diet.
How is DRI more specific than RDA? - Answers :Broke nutrient recs into 3 different
categories- EAR, AI & UL
EAR- Estimated average requirements - meet needs of 50% of pop.
Adequate intake- It is assumed this value is sufficient enough for healthy individuals,
used if not enough data exists to make specific recs.
UL- upper limit- some can lead to toxicity.
DRI contraindications - Answers :based off of healthy normal children, may not be
applicable for disease states or conditions.
How many cals per oz of breast milk or formula? - Answers :20 kcal per oz.
Difference between breast and formula? - Answers :Formula has more protein and iron
than human milk but lack antibodies that breast does.
Macronutrients - Answers :Carbs, fat and protein that are needed in large quantities and
contribute to overall energy pool of body.
Micronutrients - Answers :Vitamins and minerals that act as coenzymes, co-catalysts
and buffers in metabolism. Needed in small quantities, support healthy immune system,
tissue repair, growth and development in children and overall health and well-being.
Phytochemicals - Answers :a naturally occurring substance found in plants that act as
natural defense system. Shown to reduce risk of diseases such as cancer and CVD.
What happens when deficient in macro and micro? - Answers :can disrupt metabolism,
exacerbate disease states, lower immune system and lead to poor wound healing.
Deficient in vitamin A? Excess? - Answers :Causes blindness when deficient, in excess
is toxic and can cause liver damage.
What is the disease called in kids when deficient in vitamin D and calcium? - Answers
:Rickets- leads to impairment in bone mineralization
Excess in macros cause? - Answers :Lead to obesity, type 2 diabetes, CVD and
metabolic syndrome.
saturated vs unsaturated fats - Answers :Both are lipids - saturated have NO double
bonds, are saturated with hydrogen, are animal based, solid at room temperature.
Longer shelf life.
unsaturated - have double bonds, are plant based, liquid at room temperature. Less
stable.
2 types of unsaturated fats - Answers :monounsaturated- 1 double bond
polyunsaturated- more than 1 double bond
Examples of monounsaturated fats - Answers :olive, canola, peanut, sunflower,
avocado
Examples of polyunsaturated fats - Answers :sunflower, corn, soybean, flaxseed,
walnuts ad fish
Oil with both types of fats - Answers :Canola (61% mono , 32 % poly)
What type of fat are omega 3 fatty acids? - Answers :polyunsaturated , must come from
dietary sources
Hydrogenation - Answers :Unsaturated fat is hydrogenated, adding hydrogen turning to
saturated fats. Increases shelf life
,Trans-fat - Answers :An unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils,
containing one or more trans double bonds. Shown to increase risk of HD
How is food moved during digestion? - Answers :Moved through esophagus and
intestine via peristalsis.
Peristalsis - Answers :coordinated muscle contraction and relaxation to propel food.
Where does majority of digestion and absorption occur? - Answers :Small intestine -
100 cm, most is complete by middle of jejunum
What is responsible for how food flows through esophagus - Answers :Upper and lower
sphincter
lower esophageal sphincter - Answers :stops food from moving from stomach back into
esophagus and causing heartburn or reflux related symptoms.
Age, weight and diet can interfere w/ function causing uncomfortable symptoms that can
be managed by meds.
What influences rate of stomach emptying - Answers :food matrix- food rich in protein
and carbs empty from stomach at same rate. Complex carbs and fats take longer.
Overall takes about 2-6 hrs
What hormones regulate digestion? - Answers :CCK- cholecystokinin
Secretin
Gastrin
CCK (cholecystokinin) - Answers :Secreted by proximal small bowel and stimulates
pancreas to secrete enzymes.
Slows gastric emptying, stimulates gull bladder contraction and colonic activity. May
regulate appetite.
Secretin - Answers :A hormone secreted by the small intestine (duodenum) in response
to low pH (e.g., from stomach acid). It promotes the release of bicarbonate and water
from the pancreas to act as a buffer.
Inhibits gastric acid secretion and stomach emptying. Stimulated by presence of food in
stomach and smell or sight of food.
Gastrin - Answers :produced in the stomach and stimulates stomach acid (gastrin) and
motility.
,- Answers :
Explain the 4 ways absorption happens. - Answers :Passive diffusion- No energy need,
high to low concentration
Facilitated diffusion- transporter or carrier protein to move particles across membrane.
Active transport- energy needed and carrier protein, against concentration gradient (low
to high).
Pinocytosis- Allows large particles to be absorbed in small quantities. Ex =
immunoglobulins in breast milk
Blood sugar is controlled by these 4 hormones. - Answers :Insulin- made in beta cells of
pancreas & increases cell permeability to glucose.
Glucagon- made in alpha cells of pancreas, encourages breakdown of glycogen to
produce glucose (glycogenolysis)
Glucocorticoids- encourage breakdown of proteins to produce glycogen
(gluconeogenesis).
Epinephrine - Answers :encourages release of liver and muscle stores of glycogen to
produce glucose (glycogenolysis) & decreases release of insulin from pancreas.
T/F Blood sugar increases during catabolic stress - Answers :True
T/F Growth hormones are insulin antagonists - Answers :True
Factors influencing metabolic rate - Answers :Body size, age, gender, hormones,
caffeine, nicotine, alcohol
BMR - Answers :basal metabolic rate- minimum amount of energy needed to keep body
alive (body temp, breathing, heartbeat) Lean body mass is primary factor in
determination.
Carb metabolism and utilization. - Answers :Starts in mouth, primarily in intestines. In
liver, simple sugars are converted to glucose for use or glycogen to be stored. Glucose
only energy source used for brain, Glucose is oxidized in cell to produce energy, CO2
and water
Protein metabolism and utilization - Answers :Broken down into AA sent to tissues via
portal bloodstream. Oxidized to produce co2 and water = heat and energy. Can't be
stored.
Fat metabolism and utilization - Answers :broken down into monoglycerides,
diglycerides, glycerol and FAs. Need carbs for complete oxidation, end products can be
used as fuel or stored in adipose/liver.
, Where is primary location for lipid metabolism? - Answers :Liver
What major organs are involved in excretion? - Answers :Liver, skin, kidneys, lungs,
large intestine and gallbladder.
Kidneys role in excretion. - Answers :The kidney removes nitrogenous waste (urea),
excess water and salts.
Explain liver and large intestines' role in excretion? - Answers :Liver- breaks down
chemicals or other toxins that enter body.
LI- collects waste from body transports food to be expelled.
Gallbladder and bile's role in excretion - Answers :Gallbladder stores and concentrates
bile, produced by liver. Bile is secreted into SI from bile ducts in gallbladder in response
to fats in digestive tract.
Bile emulsifies fat, breaking down into smaller ones.
Alkalizes chyme as it moves from acidic stomach to intestines.
Endocrine system - Answers :Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such
as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Integumentary system - Answers :Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and
nail
DRI - Answers :Dietary Reference Intake- used to help determine peoples adequacy of
diet.
How is DRI more specific than RDA? - Answers :Broke nutrient recs into 3 different
categories- EAR, AI & UL
EAR- Estimated average requirements - meet needs of 50% of pop.
Adequate intake- It is assumed this value is sufficient enough for healthy individuals,
used if not enough data exists to make specific recs.
UL- upper limit- some can lead to toxicity.
DRI contraindications - Answers :based off of healthy normal children, may not be
applicable for disease states or conditions.
How many cals per oz of breast milk or formula? - Answers :20 kcal per oz.
Difference between breast and formula? - Answers :Formula has more protein and iron
than human milk but lack antibodies that breast does.
