Bio Quiz 1 Review
Organization
• Superior = top
• Inferior = bottom
• Anterior/ventral = front (belly)
• Posterior/dorsal = back
• Proximal = closer to center
• Distal = proximities
• Medial = center
• Lateral = towards sides
• Sagittal plane = left vs right
• Frontal/coronal plane = anterior vs posterior (front vs back)
• Transverse/cross-sectional plane = superior vs inferior (top vs bottom)
Epithelial
• Anything crossing organ boundary crosses epithelium
• Frequently dividing, so most cancers are epithelial
• Simple = one layer of cells
• Stratified = many layers (can be a combo of below)
• Squamous = flat cells
• Cuboidal = cube shaped
• Columnar = column shaped
• Apical surface = touching/facing lumen
• Basolateral = connected to ECM
• Basal lamina/basement membrane connects to underlying tissue
• Skin is stratified
• Dermis connective tissue
• Strong cell-cell junctions in skin
• Weak junctions in exchange cells (cardiovascular)
• Strong junctions in transporting cells (GI)
• Exchange epithelia are flattened
o Lungs, blood vessels
• Protective epithelia have many cell layers
o Flattened
o Skin and cavity linings
, • Ciliated epithelia move eggs in fallopian tube
o Columnar or cuboidal
o Nose, trachea, airways, reproductive tract
• Transporting epithelium have no free exchange
o Microvilli increase SA for absorption
o Columnar or cuboidal
o Intestine, kidney
• Glands secrete to lumen
o Exocrine glands secrete to external environment
o Endocrine = hormone secretion
o Secretory epithelia
Tight Junctions
• Prevent diffusion of phospholipids/proteins in plasma membrane
o Maintains apico-basal polarity
• Blocks solute transport across epithelium between cells
o Maintains transport selectivity
• Strong tight junctions in exchange epithelium
• Cell membrane most permeable to oxygen
Connective Tissue
• Loose under skin
• Dense in tendons/ligaments
o Tendons connect muscle to bone
o Ligaments connect bone to bone
• Supporting in bone/cartilage
o Osteoblasts deposit calcium
o Cartilage released by chondrocytes
o Adipose fat droplets for insulation and protection
• Blood
Fluid Exchange
• Lymphatic system sends fluid to heart
o Collects excess interstitial fluid and returns it to plasma
o Heart à arteries à capillaries à leakage to interstitial fluid à collected by
lymph vessels à veins
• Phospholipids polar head, 2 non-polar tails
o Phospholipid bilayer
• Interstitial fluid: high Na, high Cl, low K, low proteins
• Plasma: high Na, high Cl, low K, high proteins
, • Intracellular fluid: low Na, low Cl, high K, high proteins
Membrane Transporters
• Channels facilitated diffusion
o Do not bind
o Very fast
o Variable selectivity
o Cannot be saturated
• Pumps primary active transport (direct use of ATP)
o Bind
• Carriers facilitated diffusion or secondary active transport (indirect use of ATP)
o Bind
• Aquaporins for osmosis, passive
• Transport maximum = when all carriers are saturated
• Uniport carries 1 solute
• Symport carries 2 same way
• GLUT uniport, facilitated diffusion of glucose
o Glucose binding causes a flip; then glucose release causes flip
o No external energy input
• Na/K pump is antiport
o 1 ATP = 3 Na out, 2 K in
o Binding of phosphate (ATP à ADP) causes flip; release (ADP à ATP) causes flip
• SGLT symport for Na and glucose
o Na binding creates glucose binding site
o Glucose binding causes flip
o Releases Na and glucose
o Secondary active transport
§ Na binding uses ATP
§ Glucose binding does not
GI Tract
• Sphincters closed and open to stimuli
• Oral cavity à esophagus à stomach à small intestine à large intestine à rectum à
anal sphincter
• Upper esophageal sphincter controls esophagus opening
• Lower esophageal sphincter separates stomach from esophagus
• Pyloric sphincter controls movement of food into small intestine
• Myenteric plexus in stomach and small intestine
• Mucosa lines internal stomach lumen
Organization
• Superior = top
• Inferior = bottom
• Anterior/ventral = front (belly)
• Posterior/dorsal = back
• Proximal = closer to center
• Distal = proximities
• Medial = center
• Lateral = towards sides
• Sagittal plane = left vs right
• Frontal/coronal plane = anterior vs posterior (front vs back)
• Transverse/cross-sectional plane = superior vs inferior (top vs bottom)
Epithelial
• Anything crossing organ boundary crosses epithelium
• Frequently dividing, so most cancers are epithelial
• Simple = one layer of cells
• Stratified = many layers (can be a combo of below)
• Squamous = flat cells
• Cuboidal = cube shaped
• Columnar = column shaped
• Apical surface = touching/facing lumen
• Basolateral = connected to ECM
• Basal lamina/basement membrane connects to underlying tissue
• Skin is stratified
• Dermis connective tissue
• Strong cell-cell junctions in skin
• Weak junctions in exchange cells (cardiovascular)
• Strong junctions in transporting cells (GI)
• Exchange epithelia are flattened
o Lungs, blood vessels
• Protective epithelia have many cell layers
o Flattened
o Skin and cavity linings
, • Ciliated epithelia move eggs in fallopian tube
o Columnar or cuboidal
o Nose, trachea, airways, reproductive tract
• Transporting epithelium have no free exchange
o Microvilli increase SA for absorption
o Columnar or cuboidal
o Intestine, kidney
• Glands secrete to lumen
o Exocrine glands secrete to external environment
o Endocrine = hormone secretion
o Secretory epithelia
Tight Junctions
• Prevent diffusion of phospholipids/proteins in plasma membrane
o Maintains apico-basal polarity
• Blocks solute transport across epithelium between cells
o Maintains transport selectivity
• Strong tight junctions in exchange epithelium
• Cell membrane most permeable to oxygen
Connective Tissue
• Loose under skin
• Dense in tendons/ligaments
o Tendons connect muscle to bone
o Ligaments connect bone to bone
• Supporting in bone/cartilage
o Osteoblasts deposit calcium
o Cartilage released by chondrocytes
o Adipose fat droplets for insulation and protection
• Blood
Fluid Exchange
• Lymphatic system sends fluid to heart
o Collects excess interstitial fluid and returns it to plasma
o Heart à arteries à capillaries à leakage to interstitial fluid à collected by
lymph vessels à veins
• Phospholipids polar head, 2 non-polar tails
o Phospholipid bilayer
• Interstitial fluid: high Na, high Cl, low K, low proteins
• Plasma: high Na, high Cl, low K, high proteins
, • Intracellular fluid: low Na, low Cl, high K, high proteins
Membrane Transporters
• Channels facilitated diffusion
o Do not bind
o Very fast
o Variable selectivity
o Cannot be saturated
• Pumps primary active transport (direct use of ATP)
o Bind
• Carriers facilitated diffusion or secondary active transport (indirect use of ATP)
o Bind
• Aquaporins for osmosis, passive
• Transport maximum = when all carriers are saturated
• Uniport carries 1 solute
• Symport carries 2 same way
• GLUT uniport, facilitated diffusion of glucose
o Glucose binding causes a flip; then glucose release causes flip
o No external energy input
• Na/K pump is antiport
o 1 ATP = 3 Na out, 2 K in
o Binding of phosphate (ATP à ADP) causes flip; release (ADP à ATP) causes flip
• SGLT symport for Na and glucose
o Na binding creates glucose binding site
o Glucose binding causes flip
o Releases Na and glucose
o Secondary active transport
§ Na binding uses ATP
§ Glucose binding does not
GI Tract
• Sphincters closed and open to stimuli
• Oral cavity à esophagus à stomach à small intestine à large intestine à rectum à
anal sphincter
• Upper esophageal sphincter controls esophagus opening
• Lower esophageal sphincter separates stomach from esophagus
• Pyloric sphincter controls movement of food into small intestine
• Myenteric plexus in stomach and small intestine
• Mucosa lines internal stomach lumen
