NSB 236 WEEK 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2025 RATED A+
What is Cushing's triad? - Answers three classic signs—bradycardia, systolic hypertension, and irregular
respiratory rate (or bradypnoea) --> progress to brain death, terminal event
What is Cerebral perfusion pressure(CPP)? - Answers Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is
the net pressure gradient causing cerebral blood flow to the brain (brain perfusion).
It must be maintained within narrow limits because too little pressure could cause brain tissue to
become ischaemic (having inadequate blood flow), and too much could raise intracranial pressure (ICP).
Cerebral perfusion pressure Fomula - Answers CPP=MAP-ICP
What ABGs factors impacts the Cerebral flow? - Answers -Co2: increased levels of Co2 causes cerebral
vessels to dilate and increase CBF
-O2: low oxygen levels contribute the cardiovascular dilation and incease CBF
-Hydrogen ions(blood pH): anaebolic metabolism producing hydrogen ions. Acidosis contributes to
vasodilation and increases blood flow.
What is signs and symptoms of increased ICP? - Answers -decrease in level of consciousness
-headache
-vomitting
-pupillary abnormalities
-visual disturbances
-mortor dysfunctions
-speech disturbances
How the injuries can impact on neurological condition? - Answers Brain injury will have an obvious
impact on patient's neurological condition due directly to cerebral bleeding, raised intracranial pressure
and infarct.
What are care priorities for a patient with head injury? - Answers Including Airway, breathing and
circulation, establishing and maintaining haemostasis, and preventing any further neurological
deterioration.
The nurse suspects possible supratentorial herniation and compression of the brain stem when
assessment of the oculomotor
, nerve reveals? - Answers - Decreasing pupillary response to light.
When the nurse applies painful stimuli to an unconscious patient, the patient responds by stiffly
extending and abducting the
arms and hyper-pronating the wrists. The nurse interprets this finding as? - Answers - Decerebrate
posturing indicating a disruption of motor fibres in the midbrain and brain stem
Describe the modes of action of antibiotics that are used to treat bacterial infections? - Answers
Inhibition of cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis (e.g. penicillins)
- Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (e.g. quinolones)
- Inhibition of protein synthesis (e.g. aminoglycosides or tetracyclines)
- Inhibition of metabolic activity (e.g. sulfamethoxazole)
Which of the following meninges closely adhere to the surface of the brain and spinal cord and follows
sulci and fissures? - Answers - Pia Mater
A patient with a recent traumatic brain injury is to receive mannitol 20% (IV) bolus doses of 0.5g/kg
every 4-6 hours. This drug
reduces ICP through what action? - Answers - Pulls fluid out of the brain cell and into the blood.
Presence of dizziness, headache and confusion for long periods of time after a concussion is? - Answers -
Known as post-concussion syndrome
A 42 year old patient with a severe acute traumatic brain injury has developed a fever. The nurse is
aware that the fever should
be reverse quickly for which reason? - Answers It increases the brain's metabolic needs.
To facilitate the delivery of oxygen to cerebral tissues, at which level (range) should cerebral perfusion
pressure (CPP) be
maintained? - Answers 70 to 80mmHg
The administration of narcotics (such as morphine) to a patient with a traumatic brain injury may have
which effect? - Answers - It may mask neurological changes in the patient.
What is the term to describe an accumulation of blood within the parenchyma? - Answers -
Intracerebral haematoma
Briefly discuss why constipation should be avoid in
neuosurgical patients? - Answers Valsalva manoeuvre can increase ICP. Increased intrathoracic pressure
contributes to increased ICP by impeding the
What is Cushing's triad? - Answers three classic signs—bradycardia, systolic hypertension, and irregular
respiratory rate (or bradypnoea) --> progress to brain death, terminal event
What is Cerebral perfusion pressure(CPP)? - Answers Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is
the net pressure gradient causing cerebral blood flow to the brain (brain perfusion).
It must be maintained within narrow limits because too little pressure could cause brain tissue to
become ischaemic (having inadequate blood flow), and too much could raise intracranial pressure (ICP).
Cerebral perfusion pressure Fomula - Answers CPP=MAP-ICP
What ABGs factors impacts the Cerebral flow? - Answers -Co2: increased levels of Co2 causes cerebral
vessels to dilate and increase CBF
-O2: low oxygen levels contribute the cardiovascular dilation and incease CBF
-Hydrogen ions(blood pH): anaebolic metabolism producing hydrogen ions. Acidosis contributes to
vasodilation and increases blood flow.
What is signs and symptoms of increased ICP? - Answers -decrease in level of consciousness
-headache
-vomitting
-pupillary abnormalities
-visual disturbances
-mortor dysfunctions
-speech disturbances
How the injuries can impact on neurological condition? - Answers Brain injury will have an obvious
impact on patient's neurological condition due directly to cerebral bleeding, raised intracranial pressure
and infarct.
What are care priorities for a patient with head injury? - Answers Including Airway, breathing and
circulation, establishing and maintaining haemostasis, and preventing any further neurological
deterioration.
The nurse suspects possible supratentorial herniation and compression of the brain stem when
assessment of the oculomotor
, nerve reveals? - Answers - Decreasing pupillary response to light.
When the nurse applies painful stimuli to an unconscious patient, the patient responds by stiffly
extending and abducting the
arms and hyper-pronating the wrists. The nurse interprets this finding as? - Answers - Decerebrate
posturing indicating a disruption of motor fibres in the midbrain and brain stem
Describe the modes of action of antibiotics that are used to treat bacterial infections? - Answers
Inhibition of cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis (e.g. penicillins)
- Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (e.g. quinolones)
- Inhibition of protein synthesis (e.g. aminoglycosides or tetracyclines)
- Inhibition of metabolic activity (e.g. sulfamethoxazole)
Which of the following meninges closely adhere to the surface of the brain and spinal cord and follows
sulci and fissures? - Answers - Pia Mater
A patient with a recent traumatic brain injury is to receive mannitol 20% (IV) bolus doses of 0.5g/kg
every 4-6 hours. This drug
reduces ICP through what action? - Answers - Pulls fluid out of the brain cell and into the blood.
Presence of dizziness, headache and confusion for long periods of time after a concussion is? - Answers -
Known as post-concussion syndrome
A 42 year old patient with a severe acute traumatic brain injury has developed a fever. The nurse is
aware that the fever should
be reverse quickly for which reason? - Answers It increases the brain's metabolic needs.
To facilitate the delivery of oxygen to cerebral tissues, at which level (range) should cerebral perfusion
pressure (CPP) be
maintained? - Answers 70 to 80mmHg
The administration of narcotics (such as morphine) to a patient with a traumatic brain injury may have
which effect? - Answers - It may mask neurological changes in the patient.
What is the term to describe an accumulation of blood within the parenchyma? - Answers -
Intracerebral haematoma
Briefly discuss why constipation should be avoid in
neuosurgical patients? - Answers Valsalva manoeuvre can increase ICP. Increased intrathoracic pressure
contributes to increased ICP by impeding the
