BIOL 253 A & P I LABORATORY EXAM
2 STUDY GUIDE PHYSIOLOGY
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS(GRADED A+)
arrector pili muscle - ANSWERFUNCTION: CAUSES HAIR TO STANDUP
MUSCLE TYPE: SMOOTH MUSCLE & INVOLUNTARY
Langherhans cells - ANSWERWhat cell is involved in immune responses, arise from
red bone marrow?(intraepidermal macrophages) are active in the immune response.
help other immune cells recognize and destroy a antigen. They are produced in bone
marrow.
apocrine glands - ANSWER-Stimulated during emotional stress & sexual excitement.
-Perspirations, which consist of same components as eccrine sweat glands plus
lipids & protein.
-active @puberty
-skin of axillae groin, areolae, bearded reigns of face, clitoris, & labia minora
-involved in production of pheromones
eccrine glands - ANSWER-Regulate body temperature
-waste removal
-soon after birth
They function in thermoregulation and emotional sweating. Note: glands empty onto
the skins surface.
phermones - ANSWERThe apocrine gland secretes_______________.
stratum basale (germinativum) - ANSWER-always undergoing mitosis, pushing
toward the surface
Vitamin D synthesis and activation - ANSWER-Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin in
response to ultraviolet radiation and is also absorbed from the diet.
-It is then transported to the liver, where it undergoes 25-hydroxylation. This
metabolite is the major circulating form of vitamin D.
-The final step in hormone activation, 1-hydroxylation, occurs in the kidney to form
calcitriol
events assocated with healing of bone fracture - ANSWER1) Formation of a fracture-
hematoma begins 6-8 hours after injury when broken blood vessels leak blood into
the surrounding tissue and blood clotting occurs. Swelling and inflammation occur.
Phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) and osteoclasts begin to remove
damaged tissue.
, 2) Fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus formation -takes about 3 weeks and involves
collagen fibers (from fibroblasts) and fibrocartilage (from chondroblasts) producing
repair tissue between the broken bones.
3) Bony callus-- formation lasts about 3-4 months and occurs when osteogenic cells
differentiate into osteoblasts that replace the fibrocartilage with spongy bone.
4)Bone remodeling--- replaces spongy bone with compact bone. Osteoclasts resorb
any bone fragments.
Roles of collagen - ANSWER- Source of Strength
- Maintaining tissue structure and function
- Cell adhesion
- Chemotaxis
- Cell migration
- Tissue remodeling during growth
- Wound healing
Hypercalcemia - ANSWER-excessive calcium in the blood
-high blood calcium, results in cardiac arrest. If blood calcium levels are too high, the
extra calcium can be deposited in bone.
Hypocalcemia - ANSWER-an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood
-low blood calcium, results in respiratory arrest. If blood calcium levels are too low,
calcium can be resorbed from bone.
parathyroid hormone - ANSWER-A hormone of the parathyroid gland that regulates
the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the body. Increase blood calcium
levels when hypocalcemia occurs.
-is secreted by the parathyroid glands and works via negative feedback to respond to
low levels of blood calcium. Reduced blood calcium is detected by cells in the
parathyroid glands, which increase the synthesis and secretion of PTH from the
parathyroid glands. PTH increases bone resorption by activating osteoclasts to
resorb calcium from the bone and make it available to the blood. PTH increases
reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys so that less is lost in the urine.
CALCITRIOL - ANSWER-A hormone produced from vitamin D that acts in
essentially the same manner as parathyroid hormone.
-Promotes absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract so less is lost in the
feces. The activity of PTH and calcitriol work to increase blood calcium levels.
Calcitonin (CT) - ANSWER-secreted by the thyroid gland and inhibits osteoclast
activity, stimulates osteoblast activity, and reduces blood calcium levels by
accelerating calcium deposition into bone. Calcitonin leads to a decrease in calcium
resorption from the urine.
Rickets/Osteomalacia - ANSWERVitamin D deficiency
-A deficiency in vitamin D can result in osteomalacia in adults or in the childhood
disease
role of hydroxyapatite crystals - ANSWERcrystalized on collagen to make bone hard
in organic salts the calcium phosphorous
2 STUDY GUIDE PHYSIOLOGY
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS(GRADED A+)
arrector pili muscle - ANSWERFUNCTION: CAUSES HAIR TO STANDUP
MUSCLE TYPE: SMOOTH MUSCLE & INVOLUNTARY
Langherhans cells - ANSWERWhat cell is involved in immune responses, arise from
red bone marrow?(intraepidermal macrophages) are active in the immune response.
help other immune cells recognize and destroy a antigen. They are produced in bone
marrow.
apocrine glands - ANSWER-Stimulated during emotional stress & sexual excitement.
-Perspirations, which consist of same components as eccrine sweat glands plus
lipids & protein.
-active @puberty
-skin of axillae groin, areolae, bearded reigns of face, clitoris, & labia minora
-involved in production of pheromones
eccrine glands - ANSWER-Regulate body temperature
-waste removal
-soon after birth
They function in thermoregulation and emotional sweating. Note: glands empty onto
the skins surface.
phermones - ANSWERThe apocrine gland secretes_______________.
stratum basale (germinativum) - ANSWER-always undergoing mitosis, pushing
toward the surface
Vitamin D synthesis and activation - ANSWER-Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin in
response to ultraviolet radiation and is also absorbed from the diet.
-It is then transported to the liver, where it undergoes 25-hydroxylation. This
metabolite is the major circulating form of vitamin D.
-The final step in hormone activation, 1-hydroxylation, occurs in the kidney to form
calcitriol
events assocated with healing of bone fracture - ANSWER1) Formation of a fracture-
hematoma begins 6-8 hours after injury when broken blood vessels leak blood into
the surrounding tissue and blood clotting occurs. Swelling and inflammation occur.
Phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) and osteoclasts begin to remove
damaged tissue.
, 2) Fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus formation -takes about 3 weeks and involves
collagen fibers (from fibroblasts) and fibrocartilage (from chondroblasts) producing
repair tissue between the broken bones.
3) Bony callus-- formation lasts about 3-4 months and occurs when osteogenic cells
differentiate into osteoblasts that replace the fibrocartilage with spongy bone.
4)Bone remodeling--- replaces spongy bone with compact bone. Osteoclasts resorb
any bone fragments.
Roles of collagen - ANSWER- Source of Strength
- Maintaining tissue structure and function
- Cell adhesion
- Chemotaxis
- Cell migration
- Tissue remodeling during growth
- Wound healing
Hypercalcemia - ANSWER-excessive calcium in the blood
-high blood calcium, results in cardiac arrest. If blood calcium levels are too high, the
extra calcium can be deposited in bone.
Hypocalcemia - ANSWER-an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood
-low blood calcium, results in respiratory arrest. If blood calcium levels are too low,
calcium can be resorbed from bone.
parathyroid hormone - ANSWER-A hormone of the parathyroid gland that regulates
the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the body. Increase blood calcium
levels when hypocalcemia occurs.
-is secreted by the parathyroid glands and works via negative feedback to respond to
low levels of blood calcium. Reduced blood calcium is detected by cells in the
parathyroid glands, which increase the synthesis and secretion of PTH from the
parathyroid glands. PTH increases bone resorption by activating osteoclasts to
resorb calcium from the bone and make it available to the blood. PTH increases
reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys so that less is lost in the urine.
CALCITRIOL - ANSWER-A hormone produced from vitamin D that acts in
essentially the same manner as parathyroid hormone.
-Promotes absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract so less is lost in the
feces. The activity of PTH and calcitriol work to increase blood calcium levels.
Calcitonin (CT) - ANSWER-secreted by the thyroid gland and inhibits osteoclast
activity, stimulates osteoblast activity, and reduces blood calcium levels by
accelerating calcium deposition into bone. Calcitonin leads to a decrease in calcium
resorption from the urine.
Rickets/Osteomalacia - ANSWERVitamin D deficiency
-A deficiency in vitamin D can result in osteomalacia in adults or in the childhood
disease
role of hydroxyapatite crystals - ANSWERcrystalized on collagen to make bone hard
in organic salts the calcium phosphorous
