PSY 3051: Midterm 2 Exit Exam Questions And Answers Well Elaborated.

long term memory - correct answer - Archive of information about past events and knowledge learned - Storage stretches from a few moments ago to as far back as one can remember - More recent memories are more detailed - Works closely with working memory serial position curve - correct answer Graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people's ability to recall items on a list - Distinction between short term and long term memories primacy effect - correct answer memory for items presented at the start of a list recalled better than items presented in the middle of a list primacy effect research - correct answer Rundus: 1971 - Asked participants to repeat the words out loud during 5 second intervals between words - Words presented earlier were rehearsed more and more likely remembered recency effect - correct answer memory for items presented last in a list are recalled between than items presented in the middle of a list recency effect research - correct answer Glanzer and Cunitz, 1966 - Asked participants to recall words after counting backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word - Prevented rehearsal and removed words from STM - Eliminated recency effect long term memory components - correct answer episodic, semantic, procedural episodic memory - correct answer - Mental time travel: mentally traveling back in time to reconnect with events that happened in the past - Tied to personal experience, remembering is reliving - Self knowing semantic memory - correct answer - Accessing knowledge about the world that isn't necessarily tied to a personal experience - General knowledge, facts - Knowing semantic coding in STM research - correct answer Wickens and coworkers: 1976 Fruits group: - Presented with the names of three fruits on each trial - After each presentation, counted backwards for 15 seconds - Asked to recall the names Professions group: - Presented with the names of three professions on trials 1, 2, 3, and with the names of three fruits on trial 4 - After each presentation, counted backwards for 15 seconds Asked to recall the names Fruits group: - Showed reduced performance on trials 2, 3, and 4, caused by proactive interference - the decrease in memory that occurs when previously learned information interferes with learning new information Professions group: - Showed reduced performance on trial 4 represents a release from proactive interference Semantic coding of words negatively impacted STM semantic coding in LTM research - correct answer Sachs: 1967 - Many participants correctly identified sentence 1 as being identical and knew that sentence 2 was changed - Some participants identified sentences 3 and 4 as matching one in the passage even though the wording was different - They remembered the sentence's meaning, but not its exact wording - Specific wording is forgotten but the general meaning can be remembered for a long time - Meaning rather than specific wording tends to be coded in LTM separation of episodic and semantic memories - correct answer KC - Damaged hippocampus - No episodic memory, cannot relive past events - Semantic memory intact, can remember general information about the past LP - Brain damage due to encephalitis - Issue with semantic, cannot remember general information about the past episodic memory intact, can relive past events Levine and coworkers (2004) - Participants kept diaries on audiotape describing everyday personal events and facts from semantic knowledge - Participants listened to audiotaped descriptions while in an fMRI scanner - Recordings of everyday events elicited detailed episodic autobiographical memories - Recordings of facts reminded people of semantic memories - fMRI scan demonstrates that retrieving episodic and semantic memories activate different areas of the brain locating memory in the brain - correct answer HM - Surgery removed hippocampus - Retained STM but unable to transfer info to LTM - Unable to form new LTMs KF - Motorbike accident damaged parietal lobe - Impaired STM but functional LTM - Able to form and hold new memories - Reduced recency effect in serial position curve separation of STM and LTM research - correct answer Ranganath and D'Esposito: 2001 - Sample face presented for one second, followed by a seven second delay period - Test face was presented, and asked whether it matched the sample face - Novel face condition: Seeing each face for the first time - Familiar face condition: Saw faces that they had seen prior to the experiment - Activity in the hippocampus increases as participants are holding novel faces in memory during the seven second delay - Activity slightly changes for the familiar faces - Hippocampus is involved in maintaining novel information in STM - Provides evidence that STM and LTM are not as separated as previously thought remember/know procedure research - correct answer Petrican and coworkers (2010) - Measured how people's memory for public events changes over time - Presented descriptions of events that had happened - Asked participants to respond with 1. Remember: if they have a personal experience associated with the event 2. Know: if they were familiar with the event but couldn't recollect any personal experience 3. Don't know: if they couldn't remember anything about the event - Complete forgetting or don't know increased over time - Remember decreased much more than know - Indicates semanticization of remote memories - Loss of episodic detail for memories events that happened a long time ago - Can also happen for more recent events occurring one week ago memory and the future research - correct answer Addis and coworkers (2007) - Used fMRI to determine brain activation by remembering that past and imagining the future - All the brain regions that were active while thinking about the past were also active while thinking about the future, similar neural mechanisms used Constructive episodic simulation hypothesis - Episodic memories are extracted and recombined to create simulations of future events - Helps us to anticipate future needs and guide future behaviors