ص6:01 2024/4/6 NR 442 Exam 1 Matrix - Exam 1 study topics
Community Health
NR 442
Test Matrix Exam 1 (Chapters: 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, & 25)
What is Health?
o WHO, “A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being”
Define Community, population, key terms
o Community, p. 3: is seen as a group or collection of individuals interacting in
social units and sharing common interests, characteristics, values, and goals. (e.g.
residents of a small town)
“a collection of people who interact with one another and whose common
interests or characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity or belonging”
Geopolitical Communities: formed by natural or man-made
borders and include cities, counties, states, and nations. Others
include school districts, census tracts, zip-codes, and
neighborhoods.
Phenomenological communities: people share a more abstract, and
people share a group perspective or identity based on culture,
values, history, interests, and goals.
Community of solution: a group specifically to address a common
need or concern.
o Population p. 4: population or aggregate are closely related terms; it is typically
used to denote a group of people having common personal or environmental
characteristics. (e.g. all elders in a rural area)
o Aggregates: subgroups and subpopulations that have some common
characteristics or concerns (e.g. pregnant teens within a school district)
Healthy People 2020
o Access to health services
o Clinical preventative services
o Environmental quality
o Injury and violence
o Maternal, infant and Child health
o Mental Health
o Nutrition, Physical Activity, and obesity
o Oral Health
o Reproductive and Sexual Health
o Social Determinants
o Substance abuse
o Tobacco
What determines Health and Disease?
o Associated with a number of factors such as healthcare access, economic
conditions, social and environmental issues, and cultural practices.
about:blank 1/16
, ص6:01 2024/4/6 NR 442 Exam 1 Matrix - Exam 1 study topics
Indicators of Health and Disease
o Life expectancy, infant mortality, age-0adjustwed death rates, and cancer
incidence rates
Know Public Health Assumptions
o Mission: is social justice, which entitles all people of basic necessities such a
adequate income an health protection and accepts collective burdens to make it all
possible.
o Assumption: Society’s responsibility to meet the basic needs of the people, thus a
greater need for public funding of prevention efforts to enhance the health of our
population.
Current U.S health policies advocate changes in personal behaviors that
may predispose individuals to chronic disease or accidents.
Public v Community Health
o Public Health: C.E. Winslow- is the science and art of preventing disease,
prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through organized
community effort for:
(a) sanitation of the environment,
(b) control of communicable infections,
(c) education of the individual in personal hygiene,
(d) organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis
and preventive treatment of disease, and
(e) development of the social machinery to ensure everyone a standard of
living adequate for the maintenance of health, so organizing these benefits
as to enable every citizen to realize his birthright of health and longevity.
o Community health extends the realm of public health to include organized health
efforts at the community level through both government and private efforts.
Know core Public Health Functions (p. 6 Box 1-1)
Assessment: Regular collection, analysis, and information
sharing about health conditions, risks, and resources in a
community.
Policy development: Use of information gathered during
assessment to develop local and state health policies and to direct
resources toward those policies.
Assurance: Focuses on the availability of necessary health
services throughout the community. It includes maintaining the
ability of both public health agencies and private providers to
manage day-to-day operations and the capacity to respond to
critical situations and emergencies.
Identify types of risk factors and modifiable risk factors
about:blank 2/16
, ص6:01 2024/4/6 NR 442 Exam 1 Matrix - Exam 1 study topics
o Risk Factors: Behavioral, Physiological, Demographic, Environmental and
Genetic.
o Modifiable Risk Factors: smoking tobacco, drinking too much alcohol, nutritional
choices, physical inactivity, spending too much time in the sun without proper
protection, not having certain vaccinations, unprotected sex, being overweight or
obese, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, or high blood sugar (glucose).
o Non-Modifiable Risk Factors: Gender, Ethnicity, and Genetics
Health Promotion v. Disease Prevention
o Health Promotion activities enhance resources directed at improving well-being
o Disease Prevention activities protect people from disease and the effects of
disease identified three levels of prevention commonly described in nursing
practice: primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention
Recognize examples of the 3 levels of prevention (p.7)
o Primary prevention relates to activities directed at preventing a problem before
it occurs by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible
individuals.
Primary prevention consists of two elements: general health promotion
and specific protection.
Health promotion efforts enhance resiliency and protective factors
and target essentially well populations. Examples include
promotion of good nutrition, provision of adequate shelter, and
encouraging regular exercise. Specific protection efforts reduce or
eliminate risk factors and include such measures as immunization,
seat belt use, and water purification.
o Secondary prevention refers to early detection and prompt intervention during
the period of early disease pathogenesis.
Secondary prevention is implemented after a problem has begun, but
before signs and symptoms appear, and targets those populations that have
risk factors. Mammography, blood pressure screening, scoliosis screening,
and Papanicolaou tests are examples of secondary prevention.
o Tertiary prevention targets populations that have experienced disease or injury
and focuses on limitation of disability and rehabilitation. Aims of tertiary
prevention are to keep health problems from getting worse, to reduce the effects
of disease and injury, and to restore individuals to their optimal level of
functioning.
Examples include teaching how to perform insulin injections and disease
management to a patient with diabetes, referral of a patient with spinal
cord injury for occupational and physical therapy and leading a support
group for grieving parents.
Community Assessment (from PPT slide in “Community Health Planning,
Implementation and Evaluation” slide 7-9, or chapter 6 and 7 in book)
o Definition from Book: disease prevention and health promotion practice. It is
important to note that public health nursing practice is collaborative and is based
about:blank 3/16
Community Health
NR 442
Test Matrix Exam 1 (Chapters: 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, & 25)
What is Health?
o WHO, “A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being”
Define Community, population, key terms
o Community, p. 3: is seen as a group or collection of individuals interacting in
social units and sharing common interests, characteristics, values, and goals. (e.g.
residents of a small town)
“a collection of people who interact with one another and whose common
interests or characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity or belonging”
Geopolitical Communities: formed by natural or man-made
borders and include cities, counties, states, and nations. Others
include school districts, census tracts, zip-codes, and
neighborhoods.
Phenomenological communities: people share a more abstract, and
people share a group perspective or identity based on culture,
values, history, interests, and goals.
Community of solution: a group specifically to address a common
need or concern.
o Population p. 4: population or aggregate are closely related terms; it is typically
used to denote a group of people having common personal or environmental
characteristics. (e.g. all elders in a rural area)
o Aggregates: subgroups and subpopulations that have some common
characteristics or concerns (e.g. pregnant teens within a school district)
Healthy People 2020
o Access to health services
o Clinical preventative services
o Environmental quality
o Injury and violence
o Maternal, infant and Child health
o Mental Health
o Nutrition, Physical Activity, and obesity
o Oral Health
o Reproductive and Sexual Health
o Social Determinants
o Substance abuse
o Tobacco
What determines Health and Disease?
o Associated with a number of factors such as healthcare access, economic
conditions, social and environmental issues, and cultural practices.
about:blank 1/16
, ص6:01 2024/4/6 NR 442 Exam 1 Matrix - Exam 1 study topics
Indicators of Health and Disease
o Life expectancy, infant mortality, age-0adjustwed death rates, and cancer
incidence rates
Know Public Health Assumptions
o Mission: is social justice, which entitles all people of basic necessities such a
adequate income an health protection and accepts collective burdens to make it all
possible.
o Assumption: Society’s responsibility to meet the basic needs of the people, thus a
greater need for public funding of prevention efforts to enhance the health of our
population.
Current U.S health policies advocate changes in personal behaviors that
may predispose individuals to chronic disease or accidents.
Public v Community Health
o Public Health: C.E. Winslow- is the science and art of preventing disease,
prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through organized
community effort for:
(a) sanitation of the environment,
(b) control of communicable infections,
(c) education of the individual in personal hygiene,
(d) organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis
and preventive treatment of disease, and
(e) development of the social machinery to ensure everyone a standard of
living adequate for the maintenance of health, so organizing these benefits
as to enable every citizen to realize his birthright of health and longevity.
o Community health extends the realm of public health to include organized health
efforts at the community level through both government and private efforts.
Know core Public Health Functions (p. 6 Box 1-1)
Assessment: Regular collection, analysis, and information
sharing about health conditions, risks, and resources in a
community.
Policy development: Use of information gathered during
assessment to develop local and state health policies and to direct
resources toward those policies.
Assurance: Focuses on the availability of necessary health
services throughout the community. It includes maintaining the
ability of both public health agencies and private providers to
manage day-to-day operations and the capacity to respond to
critical situations and emergencies.
Identify types of risk factors and modifiable risk factors
about:blank 2/16
, ص6:01 2024/4/6 NR 442 Exam 1 Matrix - Exam 1 study topics
o Risk Factors: Behavioral, Physiological, Demographic, Environmental and
Genetic.
o Modifiable Risk Factors: smoking tobacco, drinking too much alcohol, nutritional
choices, physical inactivity, spending too much time in the sun without proper
protection, not having certain vaccinations, unprotected sex, being overweight or
obese, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, or high blood sugar (glucose).
o Non-Modifiable Risk Factors: Gender, Ethnicity, and Genetics
Health Promotion v. Disease Prevention
o Health Promotion activities enhance resources directed at improving well-being
o Disease Prevention activities protect people from disease and the effects of
disease identified three levels of prevention commonly described in nursing
practice: primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention
Recognize examples of the 3 levels of prevention (p.7)
o Primary prevention relates to activities directed at preventing a problem before
it occurs by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible
individuals.
Primary prevention consists of two elements: general health promotion
and specific protection.
Health promotion efforts enhance resiliency and protective factors
and target essentially well populations. Examples include
promotion of good nutrition, provision of adequate shelter, and
encouraging regular exercise. Specific protection efforts reduce or
eliminate risk factors and include such measures as immunization,
seat belt use, and water purification.
o Secondary prevention refers to early detection and prompt intervention during
the period of early disease pathogenesis.
Secondary prevention is implemented after a problem has begun, but
before signs and symptoms appear, and targets those populations that have
risk factors. Mammography, blood pressure screening, scoliosis screening,
and Papanicolaou tests are examples of secondary prevention.
o Tertiary prevention targets populations that have experienced disease or injury
and focuses on limitation of disability and rehabilitation. Aims of tertiary
prevention are to keep health problems from getting worse, to reduce the effects
of disease and injury, and to restore individuals to their optimal level of
functioning.
Examples include teaching how to perform insulin injections and disease
management to a patient with diabetes, referral of a patient with spinal
cord injury for occupational and physical therapy and leading a support
group for grieving parents.
Community Assessment (from PPT slide in “Community Health Planning,
Implementation and Evaluation” slide 7-9, or chapter 6 and 7 in book)
o Definition from Book: disease prevention and health promotion practice. It is
important to note that public health nursing practice is collaborative and is based
about:blank 3/16
