NSG 533 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
A++
r
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VERIFIED AND APPROVED
as
BY A PHD EXPERT AND
GRADED A+
M
n
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at
du
ra
G
, List the novel risk factors for CAD
1) markers of inflammation, ischemia, and thrombosis (elevated high sensitivity C-reactive
protein, troponin, fibrinogen) 2) adipokines (leptin, adiponectin) 3) CKD 4) air pollution and
ionizing radiation 5) medications (NSAIDs) 6) coronary artery calcification and carotid wall
thickness and 7) microbiome 8) small dense LDL particles and lipoprotein(a) 9)
Hyperhomocysteinemia
List nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD
r
Advanced age, male gender or woman after menopause, and family history (genetics, shared
te
environmental exposure).
as
List modifiable risk factors for CAD
Dyslipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes and insulin resistance, obesity and
sedentary lifestyle, and an atherogenic diet.
How does dyslipidemia contribute to CAD?
M
High levels of LDL in the bloodstream leads to LDL oxidation, migration into the vessel wall, and
n
phagocytosis by macrophages, all key steps in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
io
Atherosclerosis
A chronic inflammatory condition that results in damage to the arteries. Thickening and
at
hardening of the vessels are caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages (foam
cells) within the arterial walls, leading to the formation of a plaque.
du
Optimal lipid panal results
Total cholesterol (< 200), LDL (< 100), triglycerides (< 150)
ra
What is the response-to-injury hypothesis in the development of atherosclerotic lesions?
G
The earliest event in atherogenesis is injury to the endothelium, which could be triggered by
hypertension, circulation of ROS (smoking, pollutants), dyslipidemia, and elevated A1C.
When foam cells accumulate in a significant amount within the arterial wall, they form ______ .
What is then released?
a lesion called a fatty streak; inflammatory cytokines, damaging enzymes, and growth factors.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
A++
r
te
VERIFIED AND APPROVED
as
BY A PHD EXPERT AND
GRADED A+
M
n
io
at
du
ra
G
, List the novel risk factors for CAD
1) markers of inflammation, ischemia, and thrombosis (elevated high sensitivity C-reactive
protein, troponin, fibrinogen) 2) adipokines (leptin, adiponectin) 3) CKD 4) air pollution and
ionizing radiation 5) medications (NSAIDs) 6) coronary artery calcification and carotid wall
thickness and 7) microbiome 8) small dense LDL particles and lipoprotein(a) 9)
Hyperhomocysteinemia
List nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD
r
Advanced age, male gender or woman after menopause, and family history (genetics, shared
te
environmental exposure).
as
List modifiable risk factors for CAD
Dyslipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes and insulin resistance, obesity and
sedentary lifestyle, and an atherogenic diet.
How does dyslipidemia contribute to CAD?
M
High levels of LDL in the bloodstream leads to LDL oxidation, migration into the vessel wall, and
n
phagocytosis by macrophages, all key steps in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
io
Atherosclerosis
A chronic inflammatory condition that results in damage to the arteries. Thickening and
at
hardening of the vessels are caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages (foam
cells) within the arterial walls, leading to the formation of a plaque.
du
Optimal lipid panal results
Total cholesterol (< 200), LDL (< 100), triglycerides (< 150)
ra
What is the response-to-injury hypothesis in the development of atherosclerotic lesions?
G
The earliest event in atherogenesis is injury to the endothelium, which could be triggered by
hypertension, circulation of ROS (smoking, pollutants), dyslipidemia, and elevated A1C.
When foam cells accumulate in a significant amount within the arterial wall, they form ______ .
What is then released?
a lesion called a fatty streak; inflammatory cytokines, damaging enzymes, and growth factors.
