NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWER1

NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS




Innate75immunity75is?75-75answer--1st75line75of75defense75against75infection
Nonspecific75mechanism75that75defends75the75body75immediately75against75all75types75o
f75pathogens

Adaptive75immunity75is?75-75answer---2nd75line75of75defense75against75infection
-Developed75with75exposure75to75antigens75and75targets75particular75pathogens
-Includes75B75and75T75cells75to75fight75infection75and75create75antibodies

Two75major75categories75of75adaptive75immunity75-75answer--
1.75B75lymphocyte75immunity75(humoral)
2.75T75lymphocyte75immunity75(cell-mediated)

Passive-acquired75adaptive75immunity75-75answer---
Individual75given75pre75made,75fully75formed75antibodies75against75an75antigen
-Provides75immediate75but75short75term75immunity.
75Ex:75Infant75acquiring75antibodies75in75breast75milk


Active75acquired75adaptive75immunity75-75answer--
Longer75lasting75immunity75than75passive-
acquired75adaptive75immunity75but75not75permanent.
Ex:75Vaccine

Immunocompetence75vs.75Immunosuppression75-75answer--
Immunocompetence75refers75to75the75individuals75ability75to75protect75oneself75from75inf
ectious75agents75because75of75a75strong75immune75system.75Immunosuppression75indic
ates75a75defective75immune75system75that75places75person75at75higher75risk75for75infecti
on.

Define75immunodeficiency75-75answer--Weakened75immune75system

Define75primary75immunodeficiency75-75answer--
Present75@75birth,75only75affects75one75cell75type

**IgA75deficiency75most75common

,Define75severe75combined75immunodeficiency75(SCID).75-75answer--
Negatively75affects75both75B75and75T75cell75development75so75there75is75increased75risk7
5for75infection.


Type752:75Cytotoxic75Hypersensitivity75-75answer--
Most75common:75Transfusion75of75the75wrong75blood
Causes75immune75system75to75attack75newly75transfused75cells

WBC75count75normally75vs.75infection75-75answer--Normal:
4,500-11,00075cells/ml

During75infection:
~15,000-20,00075cells/ml

Pathophysiologic75changes75in75WBCs75-75answer---leukopenia
-leukocytosis75

??

Hypervolemia75-75answer--

Hypertonic75IV75Solution

what75does75hypertonic75mean?
what75are75the75types75of75hypertonic75fluid?75(6)
what75does75it75treat?
what75are75the75nursing75interventions?75-75answer--
Hypertonic=75excessive75fluid75extracellular75space,75causing75cell75to75shrink75

Fluid75Types:
1.)753%75Saline
2.)755%75Saline
3.)755%75Dextrose75in750.9%75Saline
4.)755%75Dextrose75in750.45%75Saline
5.)755%75Dextrose75in75LR
6.)7510%75Dextrose75in75H2O

Treats:
-75Hyponatremia75(pulls75Na+75back75into75intravascular75system)
75**remember75water75follows75sodium**
-cerebral75edema

Interventions:
-Give75cautiously75in75ICU75via75central75line
75-Rapid75absorption75so75body75can75be75affected75quickly75

, -Monitor75for75fluid75overload,75electrolyte75imbalance,75BP,75HR

Hypotonic75IV75Solution

what75does75hypotonic75mean?
what75are75the75types75of75hypertonic75fluid?75(3)
Treats?
Contraindications?75-75answer--
Hypotonic=75Decrease75in75extracellular75concentration,75Increase75in75intracellular75co
ncentration.75
Side75Effects=75cell75lyses75(rupture)75and75depletion75of75fluid75in75circulatory75system

Fluid75Types:
1.)750.45%75Saline75(1/275normal75saline)
2.)750.225%75Saline75(1/475normal75saline)
3.)750.33%75Saline75(1/375normal75saline)

Treats:
-75Hydrates75cell
-Hyperglycemia
-Diabetic75ketoacidosis75(DKA)
-Hyperosmolar75(extremely75high75blood75glucose75levels)

Contraindications:
-
Patients75with75increased75cranial75pressure75(fluid75will75shift75into75brain75tissue75causi
ng75swelling)
-Burns75&75Trauma75(Hypovolemic)

Isotonic75IV75Solution

What75does75isotonic75mean?
What75are75the75fluid75types?75(4)
Purpose?75-75answer--Isotonic75means75equal75concentration

Fluid75Types:
1.)750.9%75Saline
2.)755%75Dextrose75in75H2O
3.)755%75Dextrose75in750.22575Saline75
4.)75Lactated75Ringers75(LR)

Purpose:
To75increase75extracellular75fluid75
75Loss75through:
-Blood75loss
-Dehydration75(may75be75due75to75nausea75&75vomiting)