All Chapters Included ✅
CHAPTER 1
SHORT-ANSWER REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. To what does the term mala in se refer?
2. What is the difference between retribution and restitution?
3. What does the term lex talionis mean?
4. Define deterrence.
5. Compare and contrast the victim’s justice system with the criminal’s justice system.
6. How did the victim’s justice system turn into the criminal’s justice system?
7. What is the relevance of the terms gemeinschaft and gesellschaft for victim treatment?
8. What major concept or concern captivated the early victimologists?
9. What is a typology and why did the early victimologists concentrate on creating typologies?
10. What is the significance behind the book titles The Criminal and His Victim and The Victim
and His Criminal?
11. What does the term agent provocateur imply?
12. Explain von Hentig’s victim typology that appears in Table 1.1 of the textbook.
13. What does the phrase “blaming the victim” mean?
14. Explore the typology, presented in Table 1.3 of the textbook, which Schafer developed.
15. What does “victim precipitation” mean?
16. What was the importance of Wolfgang’s homicide study?
17. How did Wolfgang define victim precipitation?
18. What three findings or empirical regularities emerged from Wolfgang’s homicide study?
19. Did Wolfgang’s study and Amir’s research support or refute the concept of victim
precipitation?
20. Why did some people object to Amir’s conclusions?
Doerner & Lab, Victimology, 10th Edition
Copyright © 2025
,21. Explain the four assumptions behind the victim precipitation argument.
22. What does Curtis gain by merging victim precipitation with offender responsibility in Table
1.4 of the textbook?
23. Using Figure 1.1 of the textbook, what four broad questions does general victimology raise?
24. How does “critical victimology” represent a different approach?
25. What kinds of questions does “critical victimology” raise?
26. List some topics that would capture the interest of a critical victimologist.
27. What was the importance of the victim movement as the academic field of victimology
developed?
28. What movements led to the rise of concern over victim rights?
29. What do the book’s authors mean when they talk about examining the transition from the
criminal’s justice system to the victim’s justice system?
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The transition from a victim’s justice system to a criminal’s justice system was marked by
the trend away from which of the following and towards which of the following?
a. away from a gemeinschaft society and towards a gesellschaft society
b. away from a gesellschaft society and towards a gemeinschaft society
c. away from an industrialized society and towards a rural society
d. away from an agricultural society and towards a democratic society
e. away from a feudal society and towards a dictatorship
2. Prior to the Middle Ages, the concept of lex talionis prevailed in the pursuit of justice. This
concept included which of the following items?
a. rehabilitation
b. retribution
c. deterrence
d. a victim injustice system
e. all of the above
3. The idea of retribution:
a. was started by Stephen Schafer
b. is that the offender should suffer in proportion to the degree of harm he or she caused
c. is the opposite of restitution
d. is the feeling that the victim played an active role in his or her victimization
e. was begun by feudal barons
Doerner & Lab, Victimology, 10th Edition
Copyright © 2025
,4. Which one of the following items refers to totally unacceptable or immoral behavior?
a. mala prohibita
b. lex talionis
c. ex parte
d. mala in se
e. habeas corpus
5. Which of the following best describes what the term “victim precipitation” means?
a. the offender carefully selects victims with certain characteristics
b. the offender lacks a mens rea
c. the victim lacks a mens rea
d. the victim somehow or another caused his or her own victimization
e. victim instigation of criminal prosecution
6. What was Hans von Hentig’s main contribution to the field of victimology?
a. he suggested that rape victims had a subconscious desire to be raped
b. he proposed the idea of the criminal-victim dyad, which looked at the role the victim
played in his or her own victimization
c. he was the founder of what is known today as “critical victimology”
d. he stated that victims may have a “functional responsibility” for their victimization
e. he founded the National Organization for Victim Assistance
7. Which of the following persons caused a giant uproar over an empirical analysis of rape
victims?
a. L. A. Curtis
b. Franklin and Franklin
c. Marvin Wolfgang
d. Beniamin Mendelsohn
e. Menachem Amir
8. Mary and Joseph are arguing about two opposing political parties, the Unicorns and the
Rhinos, at Mary’s home. Mary is upset that Joseph keeps insulting her party, the Rhinos, and
insists that he listen to her reasoning. Joseph refuses, and attempts to end the conversation by
leaving the apartment. Mary steps in front of him and blocks Joseph’s exit. Joseph politely
asks to Mary step aside, but she refuses. In response, Joseph pushes her out of his way. The
shove causes Mary to lose her balance. She falls against a table, hits her head, and sustains a
concussion. Now, respond to two inquiries. First, was Mary an active or passive precipitator
in her own victimization? Second, was Joseph’s response provoked or unprovoked?
a. active; provoked
b. active; unprovoked
c. passive; provoked
d. passive; unprovoked
e. none of the above apply as “stand-your-ground” laws apply to this situation
9. Which of the following statements best characterizes the victim precipitation argument?
Doerner & Lab, Victimology, 10th Edition
Copyright © 2025
, a. criminal acts can be explained by the behavior of the offender
b. the victim becomes activated only when the offender emits certain signals
c. the victim’s behavior is necessary and sufficient to trigger the commission of a
criminal act
d. offenders plan their criminal acts
e. victimization is often a spur-of-the-moment behavior
10. Marvin E. Wolfgang was responsible for which of the following?
a. drawing attention to the role of victim precipitation in homicide cases
b. writing The Criminal and His Victim
c. not using an empirical methodology
d. describing the subculture of nonviolence
e. isolating the dominant role of illicit activity in patterns of homicide
11. According to Wolfgang, which of the following items plays a major role in victim-
precipitated homicide?
a. race
b. “crack” cocaine
c. politics
d. personal appearance
e. interpersonal relationships and escalation
12. Backlash to the idea of victim precipitation included criticisms of all the following
assumptions except which one?
a. victim behavior causes crime
b. victims emit signals to which offenders must respond
c. victim behavior is a necessary and sufficient causal mechanism
d. victims often know their perpetrators
e. the victim intends to become victimized
13. Which of the following persons is associated with the emergence of the field of
victimology?
a. Edwin Sutherland
b. Hans von Hentig
c. Robert K. Merton
d. Emile Durkheim
e. Travis Hirschi
14. Which of the following persons is sometimes credited with being the “father of
victimology?”
a. Hans von Hentig
b. Beniamin Mendelsohn
c. Stephen Schafer
d. Marvin E. Wolfgang
e. Menachem Amir
Doerner & Lab, Victimology, 10th Edition
Copyright © 2025
CHAPTER 1
SHORT-ANSWER REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. To what does the term mala in se refer?
2. What is the difference between retribution and restitution?
3. What does the term lex talionis mean?
4. Define deterrence.
5. Compare and contrast the victim’s justice system with the criminal’s justice system.
6. How did the victim’s justice system turn into the criminal’s justice system?
7. What is the relevance of the terms gemeinschaft and gesellschaft for victim treatment?
8. What major concept or concern captivated the early victimologists?
9. What is a typology and why did the early victimologists concentrate on creating typologies?
10. What is the significance behind the book titles The Criminal and His Victim and The Victim
and His Criminal?
11. What does the term agent provocateur imply?
12. Explain von Hentig’s victim typology that appears in Table 1.1 of the textbook.
13. What does the phrase “blaming the victim” mean?
14. Explore the typology, presented in Table 1.3 of the textbook, which Schafer developed.
15. What does “victim precipitation” mean?
16. What was the importance of Wolfgang’s homicide study?
17. How did Wolfgang define victim precipitation?
18. What three findings or empirical regularities emerged from Wolfgang’s homicide study?
19. Did Wolfgang’s study and Amir’s research support or refute the concept of victim
precipitation?
20. Why did some people object to Amir’s conclusions?
Doerner & Lab, Victimology, 10th Edition
Copyright © 2025
,21. Explain the four assumptions behind the victim precipitation argument.
22. What does Curtis gain by merging victim precipitation with offender responsibility in Table
1.4 of the textbook?
23. Using Figure 1.1 of the textbook, what four broad questions does general victimology raise?
24. How does “critical victimology” represent a different approach?
25. What kinds of questions does “critical victimology” raise?
26. List some topics that would capture the interest of a critical victimologist.
27. What was the importance of the victim movement as the academic field of victimology
developed?
28. What movements led to the rise of concern over victim rights?
29. What do the book’s authors mean when they talk about examining the transition from the
criminal’s justice system to the victim’s justice system?
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The transition from a victim’s justice system to a criminal’s justice system was marked by
the trend away from which of the following and towards which of the following?
a. away from a gemeinschaft society and towards a gesellschaft society
b. away from a gesellschaft society and towards a gemeinschaft society
c. away from an industrialized society and towards a rural society
d. away from an agricultural society and towards a democratic society
e. away from a feudal society and towards a dictatorship
2. Prior to the Middle Ages, the concept of lex talionis prevailed in the pursuit of justice. This
concept included which of the following items?
a. rehabilitation
b. retribution
c. deterrence
d. a victim injustice system
e. all of the above
3. The idea of retribution:
a. was started by Stephen Schafer
b. is that the offender should suffer in proportion to the degree of harm he or she caused
c. is the opposite of restitution
d. is the feeling that the victim played an active role in his or her victimization
e. was begun by feudal barons
Doerner & Lab, Victimology, 10th Edition
Copyright © 2025
,4. Which one of the following items refers to totally unacceptable or immoral behavior?
a. mala prohibita
b. lex talionis
c. ex parte
d. mala in se
e. habeas corpus
5. Which of the following best describes what the term “victim precipitation” means?
a. the offender carefully selects victims with certain characteristics
b. the offender lacks a mens rea
c. the victim lacks a mens rea
d. the victim somehow or another caused his or her own victimization
e. victim instigation of criminal prosecution
6. What was Hans von Hentig’s main contribution to the field of victimology?
a. he suggested that rape victims had a subconscious desire to be raped
b. he proposed the idea of the criminal-victim dyad, which looked at the role the victim
played in his or her own victimization
c. he was the founder of what is known today as “critical victimology”
d. he stated that victims may have a “functional responsibility” for their victimization
e. he founded the National Organization for Victim Assistance
7. Which of the following persons caused a giant uproar over an empirical analysis of rape
victims?
a. L. A. Curtis
b. Franklin and Franklin
c. Marvin Wolfgang
d. Beniamin Mendelsohn
e. Menachem Amir
8. Mary and Joseph are arguing about two opposing political parties, the Unicorns and the
Rhinos, at Mary’s home. Mary is upset that Joseph keeps insulting her party, the Rhinos, and
insists that he listen to her reasoning. Joseph refuses, and attempts to end the conversation by
leaving the apartment. Mary steps in front of him and blocks Joseph’s exit. Joseph politely
asks to Mary step aside, but she refuses. In response, Joseph pushes her out of his way. The
shove causes Mary to lose her balance. She falls against a table, hits her head, and sustains a
concussion. Now, respond to two inquiries. First, was Mary an active or passive precipitator
in her own victimization? Second, was Joseph’s response provoked or unprovoked?
a. active; provoked
b. active; unprovoked
c. passive; provoked
d. passive; unprovoked
e. none of the above apply as “stand-your-ground” laws apply to this situation
9. Which of the following statements best characterizes the victim precipitation argument?
Doerner & Lab, Victimology, 10th Edition
Copyright © 2025
, a. criminal acts can be explained by the behavior of the offender
b. the victim becomes activated only when the offender emits certain signals
c. the victim’s behavior is necessary and sufficient to trigger the commission of a
criminal act
d. offenders plan their criminal acts
e. victimization is often a spur-of-the-moment behavior
10. Marvin E. Wolfgang was responsible for which of the following?
a. drawing attention to the role of victim precipitation in homicide cases
b. writing The Criminal and His Victim
c. not using an empirical methodology
d. describing the subculture of nonviolence
e. isolating the dominant role of illicit activity in patterns of homicide
11. According to Wolfgang, which of the following items plays a major role in victim-
precipitated homicide?
a. race
b. “crack” cocaine
c. politics
d. personal appearance
e. interpersonal relationships and escalation
12. Backlash to the idea of victim precipitation included criticisms of all the following
assumptions except which one?
a. victim behavior causes crime
b. victims emit signals to which offenders must respond
c. victim behavior is a necessary and sufficient causal mechanism
d. victims often know their perpetrators
e. the victim intends to become victimized
13. Which of the following persons is associated with the emergence of the field of
victimology?
a. Edwin Sutherland
b. Hans von Hentig
c. Robert K. Merton
d. Emile Durkheim
e. Travis Hirschi
14. Which of the following persons is sometimes credited with being the “father of
victimology?”
a. Hans von Hentig
b. Beniamin Mendelsohn
c. Stephen Schafer
d. Marvin E. Wolfgang
e. Menachem Amir
Doerner & Lab, Victimology, 10th Edition
Copyright © 2025
