PCT Fresenius EXAM VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS, SCORED A+
What .are .the .functions .of .a .healthy .kidney? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-REGULATE,
.SYNTHESIS, .ENDOCRINE: .
Regulate .fluid .balance, .blood .volume, .electrolytes, .acid-base .balance,
.synthesize .calcitrol .(active .vitamin .D), .secrete .erythropoietin .and .release .renin
what .is .the .glomerular .filtration .rate .in .the .five .stages .of .kidney .disease? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-flow .rate .of .filtered .fluid .through .the .kidney
stage .1: .90+
stage .2:60-89
stage .3: .30-59
stage .4: .15-29
stage .5: .<15
what .are .the .types .and .stages .of .kidney .failure? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-acute
.renal .failure: .sudden .onset, .severe, .usually .reversible. .can .be .caused .by .drug
.toxicity, .dehydration, .or .motor .vehicle .accident
Chronic .renal .failure: .slow .onset, .progressive, .permanent. .can .be .caused .by
.diabetes, .hypertension, .or .genetic .disease .such .as .glomerulonephritis .or
.nephrosclerosis
what .are .the .signs .and .symptoms .of .renal .failure .or .uremia? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-elevated .serum .levels .of .BUN/Creatinine, .phosphorus, .potassium.
.anemia, .nerve .damage, .yellow-gray .appearance .of .skin, .fluid .overload,
.dyspnea, .edema, .hypertension, .proteinuria, .uremia, .lethargy, .weakness,
.headache, .itching, .fatigue, .nausea .restlessness, .mental .change, .loss .of
.appetite.
what .is .anemia .and .how .is .it .treated? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-lack .of .RBC
.(decreased .or .lack .of .erythropoietin .production). .iron .binds .with .hemoglobin .in
.RBC .and .transports .oxygen. .it .is .treated .using .erythropoieting .stimulating
.agents .and .usually .administered .IV.
which .of .the .functions .of .healthy .kidneys .are .replaced .by .dialysis? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-removal .of .waste .products .and .regulation .of .fluid .balance. .dialysis
.does .not .regulate .endocrine .production
list .briefly .and .describe .three .modalities .of .treatment .for .end .stage .renal
.disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Hemodialysis: .uses .vascular .access .to .draw
,.blood .from .patient .and .send .to .dialyzer .and .into .semipermeable .membrane
.where .diffusion .removes .waste .products .and .ultrafiltration .removes .fluid.
.provides .approximately .15% .of .the .normal .function .of .the .kidney. .
peritoneal .dialysis: .continuous .cycling .peritoneal .dialysis .and .continuous
.ambulatory .peritoneal .dialysis. .both .types .use .permanent .catheter .in .highly
.vascularized .peritoneal .cavity. .dialysate .is .infused .into .peritoneal .space .and
.allowed .to .dwell .and .then .drained. .excess .fluid .and .waste .is .removed .through
.osmosis .and .diffusion
what .is .the .difference .between .hemodialysis .and .peritoneal .dialyisis? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-Hemo: .outpatient, .dialyzer .is .used .to .remove .waste .from
.blood .via .diffusion .and .fluid .is .removed .through .ultra .filtration. .
peritoneal: .home .setting, .peritoneal .membrane .is .the .semipermeable .membrane
.that .filters .waste .and .fluid .removal .occurs .via .osmotic .pressure .and
.concentration .gradients .caused .by .the .dextrose .solution .and .dwell .times.
when .is .it .known .that .a .patient .has .developed .sensitivity .to .a .dialyzer? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-seen .within .the .first .half .hour .of .treatment. .sneezing,
.itching, .pain .at .access .site, .chest .pain, .rashing, .hives, .fever .are .symptoms.
alarm .conditions .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Blood: .blood .leak, .air .detector,
.venous/arterial .pressure, .TMP. .stops .the .blood .pump .therefor .blood .is .not
.cleaned .and .no .ultrafiltration. .potential .for .clotting .due .to .stagnant .blood
Dialysate: .conductivity .high/low, .temperature. .dialysate .goes .into .bypass .so .no
.cleaning .of .blood. .uf .continues.
what .are .the .body .fluid .compartments? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-50-70% .of .body
.is .water. .intracellular, .extracellular, .intravascular, .interstitial.
what .is .diffusion .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-movement .of .solutes .across
.semipermeable .membrane .from .high .concentration .to .low .concentration.
.solutes .include .urea, .electrolytes, .creatinine, .drugs
what .is .osmosis? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-movement .of .fluid .from .lower
.concentration .of .solutes .to .a .higher .concentration.
what .is .ultrafiltration? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-use .of .both .negative .and .positive
.pressure .to .pull .excess .fluid .from .the .patient
why .is .water .used .for .dialysis .treated? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-water .contains
.contaminants, .electrolytes, .and .impurities. .these .must .be .removed .bc .the
.patients .are .exposed .to .large .volumes .of .water .during .tx
what .is .chloramine .and .how .is .it .different .from .chlorine .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
combination .of .chlorine .and .ammonia
what .is .the .diasafe .filter? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-found .on .back .of .hemodialysis
.machine .that .allows .for .the .delivery .of .ultrapure .dialysate.
, what .factors .impact .the .rate .of .diffusion? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-concentration
.gradient, .temperature, .molecular .weight .of .solutes, .nature .of .solution,
.membrane .permeability, .surface .area, .flow .geometry .convection .(solute .drag-
irrespective .of .molecular .size, .solutes .are .dragged .along .with .water .across
.dialyzer .membrane .as .long .as .solute .can .fit .through .pore ."magnetic
.attraction")
what .happens .to .diffusion .when .dialyzer .fibers .clot? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
diffusion .is .decreased. .clotted .fibers .cause .permeability .of .the .fiber .to .be
.reduced .or .eliminated.
at .what .point .point .during .the .hemodialysis .tx .will .diffusion .cease .to .occur? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-once .the .concentration .of .each .electrolyte .found .in .the
.patients .blood .is .equal .to .the .electrolyte .concentration .in .the .dialysate.
what .is .the .largest .factor .that .impacts .ultrafiltration .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
pressure
what .happens .when .the .dialysate .flow .is .turned .off .during .treatment? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-pt .blood .is .not .cleaned .and .adequacy .will .decrease
what .are .the .compartments .of .the .dialyzer .and .what .separates .them? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-blood .compartment .and .dialysate .compartment .is
.seperated .by .a .semi-permeable .membrane. .potting .material .on .both .ends .of
.dialyzer .to .assure .separation .of .blood .and .dialysate
what .is .a .semi-permeable .membrane? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-A .membrane .made
.from .protein, .with .small .pores .or .holes. .Only .certain .molecules .can .fit .through
.RBC .and .proteins .are .too .large .to .pass .through .the .semi-permeable .membrane
.pores. .urea, .sodium, .potassium, .and .water .can .pass .through.
what .is .countercurrent .flow? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-blood .and .dialysate .flow .in
.opposite .directions. .this .allows .for .better .clearance .and .diffusion
what .are .three .types .of .solutions? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-hypotonic=containing
.less .particles
isotonic=containing .equal .particles
hypertonic=containing .more .particles
what .is .ph? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-measure .of .hydrogen .ion .concentration.
.normal .blood .is .7.35-7.45. .bicarbonate .(HCO3) .is .a .buffer .that .helps .maintain
.constant .ph .to .solution .even .if .acid .or .base .is .added. .hco3 .production .is
.decrasesed .in .people .with .renal .failure, .healthy .kidneys .maintain .normal .body
.ph .by .making .and .regulating .hco3.
what .is .conductivity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-ability .of .a .solution .to .conduct
.electrical .current. .
>14.5= .hypertonic .dialysate .and .can .cause .crenation
<13.5= .hypotonic .dialysate .and .can .cause .hemolysis.
SOLUTIONS, SCORED A+
What .are .the .functions .of .a .healthy .kidney? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-REGULATE,
.SYNTHESIS, .ENDOCRINE: .
Regulate .fluid .balance, .blood .volume, .electrolytes, .acid-base .balance,
.synthesize .calcitrol .(active .vitamin .D), .secrete .erythropoietin .and .release .renin
what .is .the .glomerular .filtration .rate .in .the .five .stages .of .kidney .disease? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-flow .rate .of .filtered .fluid .through .the .kidney
stage .1: .90+
stage .2:60-89
stage .3: .30-59
stage .4: .15-29
stage .5: .<15
what .are .the .types .and .stages .of .kidney .failure? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-acute
.renal .failure: .sudden .onset, .severe, .usually .reversible. .can .be .caused .by .drug
.toxicity, .dehydration, .or .motor .vehicle .accident
Chronic .renal .failure: .slow .onset, .progressive, .permanent. .can .be .caused .by
.diabetes, .hypertension, .or .genetic .disease .such .as .glomerulonephritis .or
.nephrosclerosis
what .are .the .signs .and .symptoms .of .renal .failure .or .uremia? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-elevated .serum .levels .of .BUN/Creatinine, .phosphorus, .potassium.
.anemia, .nerve .damage, .yellow-gray .appearance .of .skin, .fluid .overload,
.dyspnea, .edema, .hypertension, .proteinuria, .uremia, .lethargy, .weakness,
.headache, .itching, .fatigue, .nausea .restlessness, .mental .change, .loss .of
.appetite.
what .is .anemia .and .how .is .it .treated? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-lack .of .RBC
.(decreased .or .lack .of .erythropoietin .production). .iron .binds .with .hemoglobin .in
.RBC .and .transports .oxygen. .it .is .treated .using .erythropoieting .stimulating
.agents .and .usually .administered .IV.
which .of .the .functions .of .healthy .kidneys .are .replaced .by .dialysis? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-removal .of .waste .products .and .regulation .of .fluid .balance. .dialysis
.does .not .regulate .endocrine .production
list .briefly .and .describe .three .modalities .of .treatment .for .end .stage .renal
.disease .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Hemodialysis: .uses .vascular .access .to .draw
,.blood .from .patient .and .send .to .dialyzer .and .into .semipermeable .membrane
.where .diffusion .removes .waste .products .and .ultrafiltration .removes .fluid.
.provides .approximately .15% .of .the .normal .function .of .the .kidney. .
peritoneal .dialysis: .continuous .cycling .peritoneal .dialysis .and .continuous
.ambulatory .peritoneal .dialysis. .both .types .use .permanent .catheter .in .highly
.vascularized .peritoneal .cavity. .dialysate .is .infused .into .peritoneal .space .and
.allowed .to .dwell .and .then .drained. .excess .fluid .and .waste .is .removed .through
.osmosis .and .diffusion
what .is .the .difference .between .hemodialysis .and .peritoneal .dialyisis? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-Hemo: .outpatient, .dialyzer .is .used .to .remove .waste .from
.blood .via .diffusion .and .fluid .is .removed .through .ultra .filtration. .
peritoneal: .home .setting, .peritoneal .membrane .is .the .semipermeable .membrane
.that .filters .waste .and .fluid .removal .occurs .via .osmotic .pressure .and
.concentration .gradients .caused .by .the .dextrose .solution .and .dwell .times.
when .is .it .known .that .a .patient .has .developed .sensitivity .to .a .dialyzer? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-seen .within .the .first .half .hour .of .treatment. .sneezing,
.itching, .pain .at .access .site, .chest .pain, .rashing, .hives, .fever .are .symptoms.
alarm .conditions .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Blood: .blood .leak, .air .detector,
.venous/arterial .pressure, .TMP. .stops .the .blood .pump .therefor .blood .is .not
.cleaned .and .no .ultrafiltration. .potential .for .clotting .due .to .stagnant .blood
Dialysate: .conductivity .high/low, .temperature. .dialysate .goes .into .bypass .so .no
.cleaning .of .blood. .uf .continues.
what .are .the .body .fluid .compartments? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-50-70% .of .body
.is .water. .intracellular, .extracellular, .intravascular, .interstitial.
what .is .diffusion .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-movement .of .solutes .across
.semipermeable .membrane .from .high .concentration .to .low .concentration.
.solutes .include .urea, .electrolytes, .creatinine, .drugs
what .is .osmosis? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-movement .of .fluid .from .lower
.concentration .of .solutes .to .a .higher .concentration.
what .is .ultrafiltration? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-use .of .both .negative .and .positive
.pressure .to .pull .excess .fluid .from .the .patient
why .is .water .used .for .dialysis .treated? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-water .contains
.contaminants, .electrolytes, .and .impurities. .these .must .be .removed .bc .the
.patients .are .exposed .to .large .volumes .of .water .during .tx
what .is .chloramine .and .how .is .it .different .from .chlorine .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
combination .of .chlorine .and .ammonia
what .is .the .diasafe .filter? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-found .on .back .of .hemodialysis
.machine .that .allows .for .the .delivery .of .ultrapure .dialysate.
, what .factors .impact .the .rate .of .diffusion? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-concentration
.gradient, .temperature, .molecular .weight .of .solutes, .nature .of .solution,
.membrane .permeability, .surface .area, .flow .geometry .convection .(solute .drag-
irrespective .of .molecular .size, .solutes .are .dragged .along .with .water .across
.dialyzer .membrane .as .long .as .solute .can .fit .through .pore ."magnetic
.attraction")
what .happens .to .diffusion .when .dialyzer .fibers .clot? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
diffusion .is .decreased. .clotted .fibers .cause .permeability .of .the .fiber .to .be
.reduced .or .eliminated.
at .what .point .point .during .the .hemodialysis .tx .will .diffusion .cease .to .occur? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-once .the .concentration .of .each .electrolyte .found .in .the
.patients .blood .is .equal .to .the .electrolyte .concentration .in .the .dialysate.
what .is .the .largest .factor .that .impacts .ultrafiltration .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
pressure
what .happens .when .the .dialysate .flow .is .turned .off .during .treatment? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-pt .blood .is .not .cleaned .and .adequacy .will .decrease
what .are .the .compartments .of .the .dialyzer .and .what .separates .them? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-blood .compartment .and .dialysate .compartment .is
.seperated .by .a .semi-permeable .membrane. .potting .material .on .both .ends .of
.dialyzer .to .assure .separation .of .blood .and .dialysate
what .is .a .semi-permeable .membrane? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-A .membrane .made
.from .protein, .with .small .pores .or .holes. .Only .certain .molecules .can .fit .through
.RBC .and .proteins .are .too .large .to .pass .through .the .semi-permeable .membrane
.pores. .urea, .sodium, .potassium, .and .water .can .pass .through.
what .is .countercurrent .flow? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-blood .and .dialysate .flow .in
.opposite .directions. .this .allows .for .better .clearance .and .diffusion
what .are .three .types .of .solutions? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-hypotonic=containing
.less .particles
isotonic=containing .equal .particles
hypertonic=containing .more .particles
what .is .ph? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-measure .of .hydrogen .ion .concentration.
.normal .blood .is .7.35-7.45. .bicarbonate .(HCO3) .is .a .buffer .that .helps .maintain
.constant .ph .to .solution .even .if .acid .or .base .is .added. .hco3 .production .is
.decrasesed .in .people .with .renal .failure, .healthy .kidneys .maintain .normal .body
.ph .by .making .and .regulating .hco3.
what .is .conductivity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-ability .of .a .solution .to .conduct
.electrical .current. .
>14.5= .hypertonic .dialysate .and .can .cause .crenation
<13.5= .hypotonic .dialysate .and .can .cause .hemolysis.
