NURS 5315 Endocrine EXAM 2025/2026 LATEST UPDATE | COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
WITH 100% RATED ANSWERS
Diabetic Nephropathy Hyperglycemia leads to activation of the polyol pathway, hexosamine
pathway, protein kinase C and inflammation and the production of advanced glycation end
products which all cause kidney tissue injury yet exact process is not known. The glomeruli are
also injured.
Diabetic Nephropathy S&S Microalbuminuria is the first manifestation and develops within
5-10 years. Later, hypoproteinemia, reduction in plasma oncotic pressure, fluid overload,
anasarca and hypertension may occur. As it continues, people with type 1 may have problems
with hypoglycemia. Glomerular filtration rate drops, and nausea, lethargy, acidosis, anemia and
uncontrolled hypertension may occur.
Diabetic neuropathies Most common complication of diabetes
Affects all types of nerves
> peripheral (sensorimotor) nerves
> autonomic (somatic) nerves
> spinal nerves
Prevalence increases with age of person & duration of DM
May be the first symptom of diabetes
May appear during periods of "good" glucose control
If blood glucose controlled, neuropathies decreased by 60%
Capillary basement membrane thickening & capillary closure may be present
, Demyelinization of the nerves related to hyperglycemia
> delayed conduction
> nerve degeneration
> sensory deficits/symptoms more common than motor
Cognitive dysfunction can occur with chronic hyperglycemia
Some neuropathies are progressive & some may improve spontaneously
Coronary artery disease Most common cause of morbidity and mortality in DM. Prevalence
increases with duration but not severity of DM. MI's lead to death in 75% of diabetics bc they
are often asymptomatic d/t peripheral and autonomic neuropathies
Stroke twice as common in diabetics. Ischemic and lacunar strokes are more common.
Aggressive management of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia have shown to
decrease incidence of stroke
Peripheral arterial disease DM increases the incidence of this with claudication, ulcers,
gangrene, and amputation. Occlusions of the small arteries and arterioles particularly below the
knee, cause most of the gangrenous changes of the lower extremities. The lesions begin as
ulcers and progress to osteomyelitis or gangrene requiring amputation. Peripheral
neuropathies and risk for infection advance the disease
Infection DM people are at an increased risk for infection d/t decreased visual and tactile
sensations, hypoxia, pathogens d/t the increased amount of glucose in the blood which
WITH 100% RATED ANSWERS
Diabetic Nephropathy Hyperglycemia leads to activation of the polyol pathway, hexosamine
pathway, protein kinase C and inflammation and the production of advanced glycation end
products which all cause kidney tissue injury yet exact process is not known. The glomeruli are
also injured.
Diabetic Nephropathy S&S Microalbuminuria is the first manifestation and develops within
5-10 years. Later, hypoproteinemia, reduction in plasma oncotic pressure, fluid overload,
anasarca and hypertension may occur. As it continues, people with type 1 may have problems
with hypoglycemia. Glomerular filtration rate drops, and nausea, lethargy, acidosis, anemia and
uncontrolled hypertension may occur.
Diabetic neuropathies Most common complication of diabetes
Affects all types of nerves
> peripheral (sensorimotor) nerves
> autonomic (somatic) nerves
> spinal nerves
Prevalence increases with age of person & duration of DM
May be the first symptom of diabetes
May appear during periods of "good" glucose control
If blood glucose controlled, neuropathies decreased by 60%
Capillary basement membrane thickening & capillary closure may be present
, Demyelinization of the nerves related to hyperglycemia
> delayed conduction
> nerve degeneration
> sensory deficits/symptoms more common than motor
Cognitive dysfunction can occur with chronic hyperglycemia
Some neuropathies are progressive & some may improve spontaneously
Coronary artery disease Most common cause of morbidity and mortality in DM. Prevalence
increases with duration but not severity of DM. MI's lead to death in 75% of diabetics bc they
are often asymptomatic d/t peripheral and autonomic neuropathies
Stroke twice as common in diabetics. Ischemic and lacunar strokes are more common.
Aggressive management of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia have shown to
decrease incidence of stroke
Peripheral arterial disease DM increases the incidence of this with claudication, ulcers,
gangrene, and amputation. Occlusions of the small arteries and arterioles particularly below the
knee, cause most of the gangrenous changes of the lower extremities. The lesions begin as
ulcers and progress to osteomyelitis or gangrene requiring amputation. Peripheral
neuropathies and risk for infection advance the disease
Infection DM people are at an increased risk for infection d/t decreased visual and tactile
sensations, hypoxia, pathogens d/t the increased amount of glucose in the blood which
