NR 224/226 Fundamentals Final Exam Review: Key Concepts & Practice

NR 224/226NR 224/226 Fundamentals Final Exam Review: Key Concepts & Practice .14-16 Gauge IV - ANSWER-Largest catheter IV, used in trauma when you need to infuse a large volume at a rapid rate .18 Gauge IV - ANSWER-Used in surgical patients, rapid admin of fluids and blood products .20-24 Gauge IV - ANSWER-Used in most medical/surgical patients, daily use .22-24 Gauge IV - ANSWER-Used in older adults and those with small vein access .24 Hour Urine Specimen Collection - ANSWER-Required for tests of renal function and urine composition. The entire volume from 24 hours is collected .3 Checks of Medication - ANSWER-Read the label when you reach for the med, before opening or pouring, and as you replace the med before giving it to the patient .6 Rights of Med Administration - ANSWER-Right documentation Right reason Right patient Right medication Right amount Right route Right time .Ablative Surgery - ANSWER-The surgical removal of organs, abnormal growths, or harmful substances from the body .Acid - ANSWER-Substances that releases H+ ion when dissolved in water .Acid Fast Bacillis Test (AFB) - ANSWER-Tests tuberculosis .Acid/Base Compensation by Kidneys - ANSWER-Regulates by selectively excreting or conserving bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Slower response, takes hours or days to restore H+ ions .Acid/Base Compensation by the Lungs - ANSWER-Eliminates or retains carbonic acid, very fast and efficient response. Alters rate and depth of respirations, a faster rate eliminates CO2 and increases pH, a slower rate retains CO2 and lowers pH .Active Transport - ANSWER-The process of molecules moving from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Energy is needed .Acute Wound - ANSWER-A wound that lasts up to 6 months .Administering Meds Through Feeding Tube - ANSWER-Use liquid or meds that can be crushed and combined with liquid. Have liquid at room temp. Raise HOB. Remove clamp from tube, check tube for placement. Flush tube with 15-30 mL of water, give drug, then flush again. Document water and liquid meds give on I&O sheet. .Administering Meds Through Inhalation - ANSWER-Aerosol spray, mist, or powder via handheld inhalers; used for respiratory rescue and maintenance. Produce local effects like bronchodilation. .Administering Parenteral Fluids - ANSWER-Monitor solution infusion rate, infuse the amount of prescribed solution, maintain patency of IV, monitor site q2h, record I&O .Aerobic Bacteria - ANSWER-Requires oxygen for survival and multiplication sufficient to cause disease .Airborne Transmission - ANSWER-Droplet nuclei or residue suspended in air carried on dust particles .Ampules - ANSWER-Little glass bottle filled with meds, break away from you with gauze pad. Use filter needle to withdraw meds and then change needle. .Anaerobic Bacteria - ANSWER-Thrive where little or no free oxygen is available .Anticholingerics - ANSWER-Decreases secretion to prevent aspiration .Arterial Blood Gas - ANSWER-Direct measure of oxygenation .Bactericidal - ANSWER-Destructive to bacteria .Bacteriostasis - ANSWER-Prevention of growth and reproduction of bacteria .Base - ANSWER-Substances that bind with H+ when dissolved in water .Basic Charting Rules - ANSWER--Only used approved medical terms and abbreviations -Be timely, specific, and accurate -Fill all spaces, leave no empty lines, chart line by line, do not indent -Chart AFTER care is given, not before -Chart as soon and often as possible -Chart only for yourself, never chart for someone else -Use direct quotes when appropriate -Never alter a record -Sign each charting block with full legal name and title -Chart patient response to treatment -Avoid general phrases like "had a good day" or "status unchanged" -Use only black ink pens, no white-out .Bicarbonate Normal Values: HCO3 - ANSWER-22-26 mEq/L .Blood Transfusion Process - ANSWER--Verify physician order, obtain consent -Patient must have type and cross-match blood sample performed -Large bore catheter used, 18 gauge -Admin with 0.9% NS -Take baseline vitals, hold and notify MD if abnormal -Premedication may be ordered -Begin transfusion slowly and watch for reaction -Blood may not hang longer than 4 hours .Blood Transfusion Reactions - ANSWER-Caused by blood incompatibility or allergic sensitivity. CM are change in vitals, fever, chills, rash, hypotension, and shock. Give NS to treat, prepare for emergency drugs, save tubing .Braden Scale - ANSWER-Used to assess risk of pressure ulcer formation. Components are impaired sensory perception, impaired mobility, alteration in LOC, shear, friction, and moisture. The worst score is 6, the best is 23. .Bristol Stool Chart - ANSWER-Type 1: separate hard lumps, hard to pass Type 2: sausage-shaped and lumpy Type 3: sausage-shaped with cracks on surface Type 4: sausage-shaped and smooth & soft Type 5: soft blobs with clear-cut edges, passed easily Type 6: fluffy pieces with ragged edges, mushy Type 7: water, no solid pieces, entirely liquid .Buccal Administration - ANSWER-Place drug between tongue and cheek. Should not be swallowed, let it dissolve, offer water after it is fully dissolved. .Carbon Dioxide - ANSWER-A waste product of metabolism as carbonic acid and water. The build-up of CO2 is the strongest stimuli for healthy people to breathe. .Carbonic Acid Normal Values: PaCO2 - ANSWER-35-45 mmHg .Cardiovascular Signs of Hypoxia - ANSWER-Early: tachycardia, mild elevated BP Late: dysrhythmia, cyanosis, cool skin .Causes of Constipation - ANSWER-Not enough fiber in the diet, lack of physical activity, certain medications (opioids, narcotics), milk, cheese, IBS, changes in life like pregnancy or aging, abuse of laxatives, ignoring the urge to have a BM, dehydration, specific diseases like a stroke, or problems with the colon .Causes of Diarrhea - ANSWER-Viruses and bacteria, C. diff, medications, patients receiving enteral nutrition, food allergies and intolerances, and food-borne pathogens .Causes of Metabolic Acidosis - ANSWER-Diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhea, renal failure, shock, aspirin overdose, sepsis .Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - ANSWER-Loss of gastric secretions, overuse of antacids, K+ wasting diuretics .Causes of Respiratory Acidosis - ANSWER-Hypoventilation, COPD, airway obstruction, drug overdose, chest trauma, pulmonary edema, neuromuscular disorder .Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis - ANSWER-Hyperventilation, hypoxia, anxiety, high altitude, pregnancy, fever .Central Lines - ANSWER-Large lumen catheter surgically placed into a central vein, subclavian or internal jugular. Used for long-term antibiotic therapy, all IV therapies, blood draws, bad peripheral veins, large fluid volumes, and TPN. Inserted surgically and verified by x-ray .Chain of Infection - ANSWER-Infectious agent or pathogen Reservoir or source of pathogen to grow Portal of exit