COMBINED IMMUNOLOGY HMX EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS UPDATED 2024/2025 A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS BEST RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
______________________ is the transfer of tissue/organ from one individual to another -
CORRECT ANSWERS Transplantation
_________________________ is the transfer of blood cells/blood products from one individual
to another - CORRECT ANSWERS Transfusion
_________________ transplant is the most common transplantation - CORRECT
ANSWERS kidney
_____________________ transfusion is the most common transfusion - CORRECT
ANSWERS red blood cell
Individuals who are not identical twins differ in many genes that they do not inherit. This means
individuals will have different proteins based on these different genes. These differences are
called ______________________ - CORRECT ANSWERS polymorphisms
In transplantation, if one person is a donor and another is a recipient, then there might be a
difference in proteins between each person. So, when an organ is transplanted, the recipient's
immune system can detect the transplanted cells as non-self and lead an attack against them.
This attack involves ________________ and ____ cells and is called an ___________________
________________ _______________ - CORRECT ANSWERS antibodies
T cells
allogeneic immune response
The recipient's T cells and antibodies that enter the implanted organ after transplantation cause
inflammation in the organ as if the organ is a foreign invader, like a microbe. This leads to
injury/death of the implanted organ. This is called _________________ _______________ -
CORRECT ANSWERS transplant rejection
,COMBINED IMMUNOLOGY HMX EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS UPDATED 2024/2025 A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS BEST RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
The most polymorphic genes in our entire genome are the _____________________
___________________ _________________ genes. - CORRECT ANSWERS major
histocompatibility complex (aka HLA genes)
MHC class II has the variants: __________, __________, and _________ proteins - CORRECT
ANSWERS DP
DQ
DR
MHC class I has the variants: ____________, ______________ and _________ - CORRECT
ANSWERS A
B
C
If we take all the different alleles in the human population that encode normal functioning
versions of the MHC class I and II variants, there are over ______________ alleles -
CORRECT ANSWERS 5,000
HLA-B has over _______________ alleles - CORRECT ANSWERS 2,500
_______ is the major immunological barrier to transplantation - CORRECT ANSWERS
MHC
______________ have carbohydrates on their surface, but they differ from one person to
another - CORRECT ANSWERS RBCs
,COMBINED IMMUNOLOGY HMX EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS UPDATED 2024/2025 A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS BEST RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
The antigens on red blood cells include: _______, _________, _________ or _________ -
CORRECT ANSWERS A
B
AB
O
If someone is type A, this means they have the A antigen and they have antibodies that
recognize the antigens that they do not express. So, type A has natural ______ antibodies that
recognize the ______ antigen. Type B has antibodies that recognize the ______ antigen. Type O
has antibodies that recognize the ________ and _______ antigen. Type AB has _________
antibodies - CORRECT ANSWERS IgM
B
A
A
B
neither
If you want to transfuse blood across individuals, then the antibodies can cause trouble. For
example, if type A is transfused into someone with type B, then the recipient with type B (who
has antibodies against type A) will cause the destruction of type A blood either by
___________________ activation or _________________. This is called a
____________________ ________________ - CORRECT ANSWERS complement
phagocytosis
, COMBINED IMMUNOLOGY HMX EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS UPDATED 2024/2025 A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS BEST RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
transfusion reaction
Given what you have learned about the genetic loci that are most important for transplant
compatibility, it is likely that ____________ are the primary mediators of transplant rejection.
1. B lymphocytes
2. T lymphocytes
3. macrophages
4. neutrophils - CORRECT ANSWERS 2. T lymphocytes
A burn victim receives a skin transplant. Theoretically, his medical team could choose from
several different donors, but the choice of donor is obvious in this case. Who is the donor?
1. the patient's twin brother
2. the patient's spouse
3. the patient's son
4. the patient - CORRECT ANSWERS 4. the patient
Which immune mechanisms or processes are most commonly associated with transfusion
reactions? (select two answers)
1. antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
2. complement activation
3. CTL degranulation
ANSWERS UPDATED 2024/2025 A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS BEST RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
______________________ is the transfer of tissue/organ from one individual to another -
CORRECT ANSWERS Transplantation
_________________________ is the transfer of blood cells/blood products from one individual
to another - CORRECT ANSWERS Transfusion
_________________ transplant is the most common transplantation - CORRECT
ANSWERS kidney
_____________________ transfusion is the most common transfusion - CORRECT
ANSWERS red blood cell
Individuals who are not identical twins differ in many genes that they do not inherit. This means
individuals will have different proteins based on these different genes. These differences are
called ______________________ - CORRECT ANSWERS polymorphisms
In transplantation, if one person is a donor and another is a recipient, then there might be a
difference in proteins between each person. So, when an organ is transplanted, the recipient's
immune system can detect the transplanted cells as non-self and lead an attack against them.
This attack involves ________________ and ____ cells and is called an ___________________
________________ _______________ - CORRECT ANSWERS antibodies
T cells
allogeneic immune response
The recipient's T cells and antibodies that enter the implanted organ after transplantation cause
inflammation in the organ as if the organ is a foreign invader, like a microbe. This leads to
injury/death of the implanted organ. This is called _________________ _______________ -
CORRECT ANSWERS transplant rejection
,COMBINED IMMUNOLOGY HMX EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS UPDATED 2024/2025 A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS BEST RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
The most polymorphic genes in our entire genome are the _____________________
___________________ _________________ genes. - CORRECT ANSWERS major
histocompatibility complex (aka HLA genes)
MHC class II has the variants: __________, __________, and _________ proteins - CORRECT
ANSWERS DP
DQ
DR
MHC class I has the variants: ____________, ______________ and _________ - CORRECT
ANSWERS A
B
C
If we take all the different alleles in the human population that encode normal functioning
versions of the MHC class I and II variants, there are over ______________ alleles -
CORRECT ANSWERS 5,000
HLA-B has over _______________ alleles - CORRECT ANSWERS 2,500
_______ is the major immunological barrier to transplantation - CORRECT ANSWERS
MHC
______________ have carbohydrates on their surface, but they differ from one person to
another - CORRECT ANSWERS RBCs
,COMBINED IMMUNOLOGY HMX EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS UPDATED 2024/2025 A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS BEST RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
The antigens on red blood cells include: _______, _________, _________ or _________ -
CORRECT ANSWERS A
B
AB
O
If someone is type A, this means they have the A antigen and they have antibodies that
recognize the antigens that they do not express. So, type A has natural ______ antibodies that
recognize the ______ antigen. Type B has antibodies that recognize the ______ antigen. Type O
has antibodies that recognize the ________ and _______ antigen. Type AB has _________
antibodies - CORRECT ANSWERS IgM
B
A
A
B
neither
If you want to transfuse blood across individuals, then the antibodies can cause trouble. For
example, if type A is transfused into someone with type B, then the recipient with type B (who
has antibodies against type A) will cause the destruction of type A blood either by
___________________ activation or _________________. This is called a
____________________ ________________ - CORRECT ANSWERS complement
phagocytosis
, COMBINED IMMUNOLOGY HMX EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS UPDATED 2024/2025 A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS BEST RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
transfusion reaction
Given what you have learned about the genetic loci that are most important for transplant
compatibility, it is likely that ____________ are the primary mediators of transplant rejection.
1. B lymphocytes
2. T lymphocytes
3. macrophages
4. neutrophils - CORRECT ANSWERS 2. T lymphocytes
A burn victim receives a skin transplant. Theoretically, his medical team could choose from
several different donors, but the choice of donor is obvious in this case. Who is the donor?
1. the patient's twin brother
2. the patient's spouse
3. the patient's son
4. the patient - CORRECT ANSWERS 4. the patient
Which immune mechanisms or processes are most commonly associated with transfusion
reactions? (select two answers)
1. antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
2. complement activation
3. CTL degranulation
