NURS 611 Pathophysiology Exam 4
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Crohn's disease - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Inflammatory disorder that affects
any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus
R/F: Smoking, low fiber-high carbohydrate diet, medications such as NSAIDs,
altered intestinal microbiome.
P/P: Spreads with discontinuous TRANSMURAL involvement or "skip lesions"
that can involve any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the perianal area.
Skip lesions are distinguished by inflamed areas mixed with uninflamed areas,
noncaseating granulomas, fistulas, and deep penetrating ulcers.
Cardinal Sign: Diarrhea
S/S: Deficiencies in folic acid and vitamin d absorption
Appendicitis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Most common in children 10 to 11
years of age, up to 19
Most common surgical emergency in the abdomen
,10 cases per 10,000 persons
RLQ pain, low-grade fever, nausea, rebound tenderness at McBurney's point.
P/P: Inflammation of the vermiform appendix, which is a projection from the
apex of the cecum, becomes hypoxic
Cirrhosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Scar tissue replaces healthy hepatocyte
tissue and is an irreversible inflammatory, fibrotic liver disease. It distorts the
architecture of the liver parenchyma.
Prevalence 4.5 million
Mortality rate of 44,358 deaths yearly
R/F: Hepatitis C, alcohol-related liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
(NAFLD), and hepatitis B is the most common cause of cirrhosis.
Colorectal Cancers - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔
Pancreatic Cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Fourth leading cause of cancer
deaths in the U.S.
Celiac Disease - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Know as celiac sprue or gluten-
sensitive enteropathy, is an autoimmune disease that damages small intestinal
,villous epithelium when gluten (gliadin), the protein component of wheat
derivatives, barley, or rye, is ingested.
P/P: HLA-DQ2- or HLA-DQ8-induced CD4+ T-cell-mediated autoimmune
injury to genetically susceptible individuals' small intestinal epithelial cells.
Gluten Sensitivity - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Patients will not have positive
antibodies, nor will they exhibit classic intestinal villous atrophy.
Portal hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Thrombosis of the portal vein
is the most common cause of portal hypertension in children, and
splenomegaly is the most common sign.
Primary lactose intolerance - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔P/P: The inability to
digest milk sugar because of a lack of the enzyme lactase results in osmotic
diarrhea.
S/S: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, and flatulence
TX: A diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides,
monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) or probiotics
Intussusception - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Telescoping of a proximal
segment of the intestine into a distal segment causes an obstruction. It occurs
most commonly in the area of the ileocecal junction.
, GERD - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Reflux of acid and pepsin or bile salts from
the stomach into the esophagus, causing esophagitis
Prevalence: 18% to 27% in North America.
R/F: Age, obesity, hiatal hernia, drugs (anticholinergics, nitrates, calcium
channel blockers, nicotine), asthma, chronic cough.
P/P: Change in 20 mmHG LES resting pressure prevents backflow related to
distention
D/T: Spontaneous relaxation of the LES may be triggered by gastric distention
after meals and trigger acid reflux. Acid reflux may be triggered by diet and
lifestyle factors such as food intake that causes delayed gastric emptying, acidic
foods, and obesity. Sliding hiatal hernia facilitates reflux.21 Vomiting,
coughing, lifting, bending, and pregnancy also increase abdominal pressure,
contributing to the development of reflux esophagitis.
S/S: Pyrosis (heartburn), acid regurgitation, dysphagia, chest pain, chronic
cough, asthma attacks, laryngitis, hoarseness, RUQ 1 hour of eating are less
common.
R/F: Lying down after meals, ( IP pressure: coughing, vomiting, or straining at
stool), Edema, strictures, esophageal spasm, or decreased esophageal motility,
Alcohol or Citrus, Acidic Foods
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Crohn's disease - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Inflammatory disorder that affects
any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus
R/F: Smoking, low fiber-high carbohydrate diet, medications such as NSAIDs,
altered intestinal microbiome.
P/P: Spreads with discontinuous TRANSMURAL involvement or "skip lesions"
that can involve any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the perianal area.
Skip lesions are distinguished by inflamed areas mixed with uninflamed areas,
noncaseating granulomas, fistulas, and deep penetrating ulcers.
Cardinal Sign: Diarrhea
S/S: Deficiencies in folic acid and vitamin d absorption
Appendicitis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Most common in children 10 to 11
years of age, up to 19
Most common surgical emergency in the abdomen
,10 cases per 10,000 persons
RLQ pain, low-grade fever, nausea, rebound tenderness at McBurney's point.
P/P: Inflammation of the vermiform appendix, which is a projection from the
apex of the cecum, becomes hypoxic
Cirrhosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Scar tissue replaces healthy hepatocyte
tissue and is an irreversible inflammatory, fibrotic liver disease. It distorts the
architecture of the liver parenchyma.
Prevalence 4.5 million
Mortality rate of 44,358 deaths yearly
R/F: Hepatitis C, alcohol-related liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
(NAFLD), and hepatitis B is the most common cause of cirrhosis.
Colorectal Cancers - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔
Pancreatic Cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Fourth leading cause of cancer
deaths in the U.S.
Celiac Disease - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Know as celiac sprue or gluten-
sensitive enteropathy, is an autoimmune disease that damages small intestinal
,villous epithelium when gluten (gliadin), the protein component of wheat
derivatives, barley, or rye, is ingested.
P/P: HLA-DQ2- or HLA-DQ8-induced CD4+ T-cell-mediated autoimmune
injury to genetically susceptible individuals' small intestinal epithelial cells.
Gluten Sensitivity - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Patients will not have positive
antibodies, nor will they exhibit classic intestinal villous atrophy.
Portal hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Thrombosis of the portal vein
is the most common cause of portal hypertension in children, and
splenomegaly is the most common sign.
Primary lactose intolerance - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔P/P: The inability to
digest milk sugar because of a lack of the enzyme lactase results in osmotic
diarrhea.
S/S: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, and flatulence
TX: A diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides,
monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) or probiotics
Intussusception - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Telescoping of a proximal
segment of the intestine into a distal segment causes an obstruction. It occurs
most commonly in the area of the ileocecal junction.
, GERD - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Reflux of acid and pepsin or bile salts from
the stomach into the esophagus, causing esophagitis
Prevalence: 18% to 27% in North America.
R/F: Age, obesity, hiatal hernia, drugs (anticholinergics, nitrates, calcium
channel blockers, nicotine), asthma, chronic cough.
P/P: Change in 20 mmHG LES resting pressure prevents backflow related to
distention
D/T: Spontaneous relaxation of the LES may be triggered by gastric distention
after meals and trigger acid reflux. Acid reflux may be triggered by diet and
lifestyle factors such as food intake that causes delayed gastric emptying, acidic
foods, and obesity. Sliding hiatal hernia facilitates reflux.21 Vomiting,
coughing, lifting, bending, and pregnancy also increase abdominal pressure,
contributing to the development of reflux esophagitis.
S/S: Pyrosis (heartburn), acid regurgitation, dysphagia, chest pain, chronic
cough, asthma attacks, laryngitis, hoarseness, RUQ 1 hour of eating are less
common.
R/F: Lying down after meals, ( IP pressure: coughing, vomiting, or straining at
stool), Edema, strictures, esophageal spasm, or decreased esophageal motility,
Alcohol or Citrus, Acidic Foods
