STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CELLS MEMBRANE
FINAL EXAM GUIDE 2025
|MOST COMMON QUESTIONS WITH CORRECTLY
VERIFIED ANSWERS|ALREADY A+
GRADED|GUARANTEED PASS
Oxygen-65%
Carbon- 18%
Hydrogen-10%
Nitrogen-3%
Calcium- 1.5% - What 5 main elements are used in the body? And what are their
percentages
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Proteins - 4 Major macro-molecules
DNA-mRNA-Protein-glycoprotein/phosphorylated protein etc
Replication-Transcription-Translation-Post transitional modification - Central Dogma of
molecular biology
alpha carbon+amino group+carboxyl group - Backbone of proteins
Sequence determines structure which determines function -
___________determines_______________which determines________________
side chains (R) - _________are crucial for determining function of proteins
Covalent, becuase you are sharing electrons - _____________is the strongest bond and
why?
, Acids are __________ - __________are H+ Donors
Bases are ____________ - __________ are H+ acceptors
___________help to maintain appropriate pH - Buffers help to maintain appropriate
________
pH-pKa = log [A-]/[HA] - Henderson-Hasselbach eqn acids
A- is ionized/unprotonated and HA is unionized(protonated - weak acids the A- is
_____________ and HA is _____________
pH-pKa = log [B]/[BH+] - Henderson-Hasselbach eqn bases
unionized/unprotanated and ionized/protonated - Bases the B is____________ and the
BH+ is _____________
If _________________________ you're adding protons and the rxn goes right. So the majority
will be protonated. - If pH is dropped below pka _________________
the sequence of amino acids, determined by gene sequence - Primary Structure
is___________
common repeating elements (alpha helix, beta strand) results mostly from H bonding -
Secondary Structure is__________
full 3-dimensional structure of the entire chain
Determined by H-bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bonds or hydrophobic interactions -
Tertiary Structure is_________
proteins with more than one subunit (2 or more polypeptide chains). Subunits can be identical
or different
example: Hemoglobin - Quaternary structure is_________
Proteins that have the same general function but are encoded by different genes - What
are protein isoforms ?
"polymorphism" - By definition,_______________ is the quality of existing in several
different forms
folding and post-translational modifications
Temp, pH
FINAL EXAM GUIDE 2025
|MOST COMMON QUESTIONS WITH CORRECTLY
VERIFIED ANSWERS|ALREADY A+
GRADED|GUARANTEED PASS
Oxygen-65%
Carbon- 18%
Hydrogen-10%
Nitrogen-3%
Calcium- 1.5% - What 5 main elements are used in the body? And what are their
percentages
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Proteins - 4 Major macro-molecules
DNA-mRNA-Protein-glycoprotein/phosphorylated protein etc
Replication-Transcription-Translation-Post transitional modification - Central Dogma of
molecular biology
alpha carbon+amino group+carboxyl group - Backbone of proteins
Sequence determines structure which determines function -
___________determines_______________which determines________________
side chains (R) - _________are crucial for determining function of proteins
Covalent, becuase you are sharing electrons - _____________is the strongest bond and
why?
, Acids are __________ - __________are H+ Donors
Bases are ____________ - __________ are H+ acceptors
___________help to maintain appropriate pH - Buffers help to maintain appropriate
________
pH-pKa = log [A-]/[HA] - Henderson-Hasselbach eqn acids
A- is ionized/unprotonated and HA is unionized(protonated - weak acids the A- is
_____________ and HA is _____________
pH-pKa = log [B]/[BH+] - Henderson-Hasselbach eqn bases
unionized/unprotanated and ionized/protonated - Bases the B is____________ and the
BH+ is _____________
If _________________________ you're adding protons and the rxn goes right. So the majority
will be protonated. - If pH is dropped below pka _________________
the sequence of amino acids, determined by gene sequence - Primary Structure
is___________
common repeating elements (alpha helix, beta strand) results mostly from H bonding -
Secondary Structure is__________
full 3-dimensional structure of the entire chain
Determined by H-bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bonds or hydrophobic interactions -
Tertiary Structure is_________
proteins with more than one subunit (2 or more polypeptide chains). Subunits can be identical
or different
example: Hemoglobin - Quaternary structure is_________
Proteins that have the same general function but are encoded by different genes - What
are protein isoforms ?
"polymorphism" - By definition,_______________ is the quality of existing in several
different forms
folding and post-translational modifications
Temp, pH
