BIOL - 351 (Genetics) Midterm Exam
01 Questions and Answers 100% Pass
central dogma - ✔✔DNA -> RNA -> Protein
1-> = transcription
2-> = translation
Transcription - ✔✔basic: DNA is transformed to mRNA
also contains
- mRNA
- tRNA
- microRNA
- and others
5' - 3' - ✔✔transcription proceeds in the _____ direction
Uracil - ✔✔a base that appears during transcription (because this is where RNA is)
thymine - ✔✔uracil replaces ____ when it becomes RNA
RNA polymerase - ✔✔during transcription __________'s job is to locate a gene and gain
access to the template strand
3' - 5' - ✔✔the molecule moves down the template strand in the _____ direction
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY SOPHIA BENNETT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, translation - ✔✔uses ribosomes to decode mRNA to a protein
reverse transcription - ✔✔goes from RNA to DNA
reverse transcriptase - ✔✔An enzyme encoded by certain viruses (retroviruses) that
uses RNA as a template for complementary DNA synthesis.
hydrogen bonds - ✔✔what kind of bonds are formed BETWEEN nucleotides (bases
next to eachother)
noncovalent - ✔✔the bonds between nucleotides are covalent/noncovalent
daughter strand - ✔✔the newly made stand in DNA replication
phosphodiester bond - ✔✔what kind of bonds occur to create the daughter strand
phosphate; hydroxyl - ✔✔a phosphodiester bond links the nucleotides in DNA or RNA.
joins the ___ group of one nucleotide to the _______ group on the sugar of another
nucleotide
covalent - ✔✔the bonds between a parent and daughter strand are
covalent/noncovalent
alpha phosphate - ✔✔which phosphate is connected to the ribose (sugar group)
2 - ✔✔how many negative charges does the alpha phosphate have?
1 - ✔✔how many negative charges do the beta and gamma phosphates have?
Nucleotide - ✔✔monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous base
nucleoside - ✔✔"monomer" responsible for encoding and transmitting genetic
information nitrogenous base + sugar
away from - ✔✔alpha, beta, and gamma phosphates count _____ the sugar group
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY SOPHIA BENNETT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
01 Questions and Answers 100% Pass
central dogma - ✔✔DNA -> RNA -> Protein
1-> = transcription
2-> = translation
Transcription - ✔✔basic: DNA is transformed to mRNA
also contains
- mRNA
- tRNA
- microRNA
- and others
5' - 3' - ✔✔transcription proceeds in the _____ direction
Uracil - ✔✔a base that appears during transcription (because this is where RNA is)
thymine - ✔✔uracil replaces ____ when it becomes RNA
RNA polymerase - ✔✔during transcription __________'s job is to locate a gene and gain
access to the template strand
3' - 5' - ✔✔the molecule moves down the template strand in the _____ direction
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY SOPHIA BENNETT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, translation - ✔✔uses ribosomes to decode mRNA to a protein
reverse transcription - ✔✔goes from RNA to DNA
reverse transcriptase - ✔✔An enzyme encoded by certain viruses (retroviruses) that
uses RNA as a template for complementary DNA synthesis.
hydrogen bonds - ✔✔what kind of bonds are formed BETWEEN nucleotides (bases
next to eachother)
noncovalent - ✔✔the bonds between nucleotides are covalent/noncovalent
daughter strand - ✔✔the newly made stand in DNA replication
phosphodiester bond - ✔✔what kind of bonds occur to create the daughter strand
phosphate; hydroxyl - ✔✔a phosphodiester bond links the nucleotides in DNA or RNA.
joins the ___ group of one nucleotide to the _______ group on the sugar of another
nucleotide
covalent - ✔✔the bonds between a parent and daughter strand are
covalent/noncovalent
alpha phosphate - ✔✔which phosphate is connected to the ribose (sugar group)
2 - ✔✔how many negative charges does the alpha phosphate have?
1 - ✔✔how many negative charges do the beta and gamma phosphates have?
Nucleotide - ✔✔monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous base
nucleoside - ✔✔"monomer" responsible for encoding and transmitting genetic
information nitrogenous base + sugar
away from - ✔✔alpha, beta, and gamma phosphates count _____ the sugar group
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY SOPHIA BENNETT, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
