STATS 401 FINAL EXAM QUESTION POOL WITH CORRECT
SOLUTIONS!!
Classical statistics - ANSWER Focuses on population inference with limited data.
Modern big-data methods - ANSWER Aims for accurate predictions using large
datasets.
P-value - ANSWER Probability of data assuming null hypothesis is true.
Null hypothesis - ANSWER Assumes observed data is due to random chance.
Alpha level - ANSWER Threshold, commonly .05, for rejecting null hypothesis.
Central Limit Theorem (CLT) - ANSWER Sampling distribution of mean approaches
normality.
Sampling distribution - ANSWER Distribution of sample means from a population.
Confidence interval - ANSWER Range estimating population parameter with a specified
confidence.
Hypothesis testing - ANSWER Procedure to determine if data supports a hypothesis.
Observational study - ANSWER Research without interference in subjects'
environments.
, Controlled experiment - ANSWER Research with assigned treatment and control
groups.
Random assignment - ANSWER Randomly allocating subjects to treatment groups.
Blinding - ANSWER Preventing subjects from knowing their group assignment.
Placebo - ANSWER Inactive treatment used in controlled experiments.
Randomization tests - ANSWER Non-parametric tests for null hypotheses without
normality.
Parametric tests - ANSWER Assume specific distribution for data analysis.
T-test - ANSWER Parametric test comparing means of two groups.
Standard error - ANSWER Estimate of sampling variability of a sample mean.
Machine learning - ANSWER Data-driven methods for prediction and classification.
Population parameters - ANSWER Characteristics or measures of an entire population.
Data constraints - ANSWER Limitations on data collection and analysis methods.
Inference methods - ANSWER Techniques to draw conclusions from data.
Random sampling - ANSWER Selecting subjects randomly from a population.
SOLUTIONS!!
Classical statistics - ANSWER Focuses on population inference with limited data.
Modern big-data methods - ANSWER Aims for accurate predictions using large
datasets.
P-value - ANSWER Probability of data assuming null hypothesis is true.
Null hypothesis - ANSWER Assumes observed data is due to random chance.
Alpha level - ANSWER Threshold, commonly .05, for rejecting null hypothesis.
Central Limit Theorem (CLT) - ANSWER Sampling distribution of mean approaches
normality.
Sampling distribution - ANSWER Distribution of sample means from a population.
Confidence interval - ANSWER Range estimating population parameter with a specified
confidence.
Hypothesis testing - ANSWER Procedure to determine if data supports a hypothesis.
Observational study - ANSWER Research without interference in subjects'
environments.
, Controlled experiment - ANSWER Research with assigned treatment and control
groups.
Random assignment - ANSWER Randomly allocating subjects to treatment groups.
Blinding - ANSWER Preventing subjects from knowing their group assignment.
Placebo - ANSWER Inactive treatment used in controlled experiments.
Randomization tests - ANSWER Non-parametric tests for null hypotheses without
normality.
Parametric tests - ANSWER Assume specific distribution for data analysis.
T-test - ANSWER Parametric test comparing means of two groups.
Standard error - ANSWER Estimate of sampling variability of a sample mean.
Machine learning - ANSWER Data-driven methods for prediction and classification.
Population parameters - ANSWER Characteristics or measures of an entire population.
Data constraints - ANSWER Limitations on data collection and analysis methods.
Inference methods - ANSWER Techniques to draw conclusions from data.
Random sampling - ANSWER Selecting subjects randomly from a population.
