PATH 1000 FINAL EXAM 75 QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025

PATH 1000 FINAL EXAM 75 QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST 2025 - Clinical manifestations: pain, abnormal or heavy vaginal discharge, abnormal uterine bleeding, pain during intercourse, fever, painful/frequent or difficult urination - ANSWER-PID .- foul smelling odour from vagina, genital redness, pain with urination or sexual intercourse. Irritation inside the penis, burning with urination or after ejaculation and discharge from the penis - ANSWER-clinical manifestations of trichomoniasis .- fracture with one bone, or all fragments out of normal alignment - ANSWER-displaced .- fragment close to joint but remains outside joint capsule - ANSWER-extracapsular .- fragment of bone connected to ligaments or tendon detaches from main bone - ANSWER-avulsion .1st degree burn - ANSWER-● Requires no treatment unless person is person is an older person or infant; case of severe nausea, vomiting may lead to inadequate fluid intake & dehydration ● Fluid therapy may be required ● Heals in 3-5days without scarring .2nd degree deep partial thickness burn - ANSWER-○ Destruction of epidermis & dermis; may or may not blister ○ Looks waxy white & takes weeks to heal (healing 1month or longer) ○ Necrotic tissue surgically removed followed by application fo person's own unburned skin from another body area (autograft) ○ Healing commonly results in hypertrophic scarring with poor functional & cosmetic results - scarring present .2nd degree superficial partial thickness - ANSWER-○ Thin-walled, fluid-filled blisters that develop within just a few minutes after injury ○ Tactile & pain sensors remain intact throughout healing process ○ Wound care can cause extreme pain; heals in 3-4weeks with adequate nutrition & no wound complications ○ Scar formation unususal; is genetically determined .3 types of hiatal hernias - ANSWER-Hiatal hernias - weakens LES 1/ sliding hiatal hernia 2/ paraespohogeal hiatal hernia 3/ Mixed hiatal hernia .3rd degree burn (full thickness) - ANSWER-● Destruction of epidermis, dermis, & underlying SQ tissue ● Have a dry, leathery appearance from loss of dermal elasticity ● Wound appears white, cherry red or black ● Distal circulation may be compormisedfrom pressure caused by edema - painless: destroyed nerve endings .4th degree burns - ANSWER-● Destruction of epidermis, dermis, SQ, tendons, muscle & bone ● Requires skin grafting or reconstructive surgery; possible amputation ● Appears black, charred; will not heal .abnormal enlargement of gas exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls Loss of elastic recoil - ANSWER-emphysema .acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie syndrome) - ANSWER-Massive dilation of the large bowel; patients who are critically ill and older adults who are immobilized .Acute cystitis - ANSWER-inflammation of the bladder and most common site of UTI .Acute gastritis - ANSWER-caused by injury to protective mucosal barrier caused by medications, chemicals or Helicobacter pyloria infection .acute gastritis clinical manifestations - ANSWER-Vague abdominal discomfort, epigastric tenderness, bleeding .acute infections of inflammation of the airways or bronchi and is usually self limiting, mostly caused by viruses - ANSWER-acute bronchitis .Acute kidney injury - ANSWER-occurs as a result to ischemic damage to the renal tubular epithelial cells .acute pancreatitis - ANSWER-Mild, resolves spontaneously inflammation of part of the pancreas causing damage, secretes protease, amylase and lipases, amylase increase in blood causes fatty necrosis of the pancreas .Acute pyelonephritis - ANSWER-Acute infection of one or both upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvic, interstitium) .after transmission, treponemes enter causing primary syphilis, divided into primary, secondary, tertiary, latent and congenital - ANSWER-path. of syphilis .Alcoholic cirrhosis - ANSWER-caused by toxic effects of alcohol metabolism in the liver, immunologic alterations, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress from lipid peroxidation and malnutrition .Alcoholic fatty liver (steatosis) - ANSWER-the mildest form of alcoholic liver disease; can be caused by chronic ingestion of relatively small amounts of alcohol, may be asymptomatic, and is reversible with cessation of drinking. .Alcoholic steatohepatitis - ANSWER-precursor of cirrhosis characterized by inflammation, degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes and infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes .Alternating breathing patterns of deep and shallow breathing - ANSWER-cheyne-stokes .Appendicitis - ANSWER-inflammation of the vermiform appendix Possible causes - obstruction, ischemia, increased intraluminal pressure, infection, ulceration .Appendicitis clinical manifestations - ANSWER-Epigastric & right lower quadrant pain, rebound tenderness Nausea, vomiting and anorexia follow onset of pain and low grade fever .AS clinical manifestations - ANSWER-Low back pain & stiffness .Ascites - ANSWER-Accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity Traps body fluid in peritoneal space Most common cause - cirrhosis .Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) - ANSWER-another type of allergic dermatitis; common in infancy & childhood ○ Family history of asthma, allergic rhinitis, dry skin, food allergy and eczema often occurs as well .Avulsion - ANSWER-Complete separation of tendon or ligament from bony attachment site .azotemia - ANSWER-Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels & frequently increased serum creatinine Caused by renal insufficiency or kidney failure .Azotemia & uremia - ANSWER-Indicated accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in blood .Black Pigmented stones - ANSWER-formed in a sterile environment: primarily composed of calcium bilirubinate polymer from hyperbilirubinemia .blockage can lead to kidney damage, kidney stones and infection - ANSWER-consequences of urinary tract obstruction .bowing fracture - ANSWER-bending of bone .Brown pigmented stones - ANSWER-associated with bacterial infection of the bile ducts or with biliary stasis and biliary parasites .Calcium stone - ANSWER-70-80% Form freely in supersaturated urine or detach from interstitial sites within tubules near tip of renal papillae Hypercalciuria - intestinal hyper absorption of dietary calcium & decreased renal calcium reabsorption .Can occur in otherwise healthy individuals in association with an upper or lower respiratory tract infection - ANSWER-bronchiolitis in adults .Candidiasis - ANSWER-affects only outer layers of mucosal membranes & skin & occurs in mouth, vagina, uncircumcised penis, nail folds, interdigital areas, large skin folds - produces a whitish and yellow curd like substance over the infected area .Candidiasis - ANSWER-caused by Candida albicans normally can be found on mucous membranes, on skin, GI tract, & vagina