NU 545 UNIT 7 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED
2024/2025 A COMPLETE BEST EXAM SOLUTION
CONTAINS 100% CORRECT VERIFIED/DETAILED
ANSWERS RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR PASS
Clinical manifestation of pressure ulcers. - CORRECT ANSWERS Pressure ulcers are
ischemic ulcers resulting from unrelieved pressure, shearing forces, friction, and moisture.
Decubitus ulcer refers to an ulcer or pressure sore that results when an individuallies or sits in
one position for a long time. Individuals with darkly pigmented skin are at greater risk because
early sings of skin damage may not be clearly visible.Usually develop over bony prominences.
Braden scale for staging:
I- Non blanchable erythema of intact skin usually over a bony prominence
II- Partial thickness skin loss involving epidermis or dermis presenting as a shallow open ulcer
with a red-pink wound bed, without slough
III- Full thickness skin loss involving damage or necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue that may
extend to but not through the fascia
IV- Full thickness tissue loss with exposure of muscle, bone or supporting structures can
includeundermining and tunneling
Suspected deep tissue injury is localized in an area of purple or maroon discolored intact skin or
blood filled blister caused by underlying soft tissue damage from pressure and/or shear.
Unstageable means the ulcer is full thickness tissue loss with base of ulcer covered by slough or
eschar or both in the wound bed. Superficial damage results in a layer of dead tissue that
appears as a blister, erosion, or non blanchable red/darkened skin or as a reddish blue
discoloration when there is deeper tissue damage. More common on the sacrum and a result of
shearing or friction forces. Deep sores develop closer to the bone as a result of tissue distortion
and vascular occlusion from pressure that is perpendicular to the tissue. Commonly occur on
the heels, trochanter, and ischia
Keloids: patho and clinical manifestations. - CORRECT ANSWERS Round firm elevated
scars with irregular claylike margins that extend beyond the original site of injury. They are
most commonly in darkly pigmented skin types and generally appear weeks to months after a
stable scar has formed. Keloids have excessive deposition of fibroblast-derived extracellular
matrix proteins, particularly type I and III collagen with persistent inflammation and fibrosis.
Keloids first appear as pink or red firm, well-defined rubbery plaques that persist for several
months after trauma. Later, uncontrolled overgrowth causes extension beyond the site of the
,NU 545 UNIT 7 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED
2024/2025 A COMPLETE BEST EXAM SOLUTION
CONTAINS 100% CORRECT VERIFIED/DETAILED
ANSWERS RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR PASS
original wound, and the tumor becomes smoother, irregularly shaped, hyper pigmented, and
harder with claylike prolongations.
Plaque psoriasis - CORRECT ANSWERS Plaque psoriasis is the most common and
affects 80-90% of individuals with psoriasis. Early onset psoriasis is an inflammatory lesion with
epidermal hyper proliferation, the presence of activated T lymphocytes and numerous
cytokines including, IL-I, IL-6, IL-17, OL-22, TNF-a, and TNF-y.
Inverse psoriasis - CORRECT ANSWERS Rare and involves lesions that develop in skin
folds. Often misdiagnosed as a fungal infection, they are large, smooth, dry, and deep red.
Guttate psoriasis: small papule (1 to 10mm) appear suddenly on the trunk and extremities. The
lesions may appear a few weeks after a streptococcal respiratory tract infection and are more
common in children. May resolve spontaneously in weeks or months.
Erythrodermic psoriasis: is characterized by widespread red, scaling, lesions that cover a large
body surface area (BSA) and is often accompanied by itching or pain associated with
constitutional symptoms. (fever, chills and fatigue) and skin infections.
Psoriatic psoriasis: (PsA) - CORRECT ANSWERS Associated with pro inflammatory
cytokines that cause psoriatic skin lesions particularly the IL-23/Th-17 axis and TNF-a. There are
several phenotypes including asymmetrical arthritis of the major joints. , enthesis
(inflammation of the ligaments and tendons) dactylitis (involvement of the finger and toes) and
nail disease. Psoriatic arthritis mutilans involves pronounced bone destruction, and there is a
greater risk of cardiovascular disease with PsA.
Chicken Pox Virus - CORRECT ANSWERS Chicken Pox (varicella) and herpes zoster
(shingles) are both produced by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). VZV is a complex
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus of the herpes group. The incubation period is 10to 27 days,
averaging 14 days. Vesicular lesions occur in the epidermis as infection occurs within the
keratinocytes. An inflammatory infiltrate is often present. Vesicles eventually rupture, followed
by crust formation or the development of transient ulcers on mucus membranes. Varicella
,NU 545 UNIT 7 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED
2024/2025 A COMPLETE BEST EXAM SOLUTION
CONTAINS 100% CORRECT VERIFIED/DETAILED
ANSWERS RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR PASS
usually occurs in people not previously exposed to VZV, whereas herpes-zoster (shingles) occur
sin individuals who have had varicella in the past. The virus enters the dorsal root ganglia and
remains latent. Since the introduction of live attenuated VZV vaccines in 1995, there has been a
significant reduction in the varicella incidence and its associated complications.
90% contract it within their decade of life.
Highly contagious.
Person to person contact with airborne droplets.
90% possibility that susceptible people in the same house will contact the illness.
Children are contagious at least 1 day prior to rash development and until 5-6 days after the
onset of the kin lesions in healthy children. 7-10 in immunocompromised children.
1st signs are itching and vesicles usually on the trunk, scalp, or face.
systemic scleroderma - CORRECT ANSWERS Systemic sclerosis is characterized by
cutaneous sclerosis with visceral involvement.
Systemic scleroderma (SSc), involves the connective tissues of the skin and many organs,
including the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs. Fibrosis occurs on the papillary and
reticular dermis and in the subcutaneous tissue and deep fascia. There are massive deposits of
Type 1 collagen with progressive fibrosis accompanied by inflammatory reactions, as well as
vascular changes in the capillary network with a decrease in the number of capillary loops,
dilatation of the remaining capillaries, formation of perivascular infiltrates, and development of
the occlusion and ischemia.
The cutaneous lesions are most often on the face and hands, the neck, and the upper chest,
although the entire skin can be involved. The skin is hard, hypo pigmented, taut, shinny, and
tightly attached to the underlying tissue. The tightness of the facial skin projects an immobile,
masculine appearance and the mouth many not open completely. The nose may assume a
beaklike appearance. The hands are shiny and sometimes red and edematous. The fingers
become tapered and flexed, often with contractors, depressed scars, and the loss of fingertips
from atrophy. Progression to body organs can occur, and death is caused by subsequent
respiratory failure, renal failure, cardiac dysrhythmias, or esophageal or intestinal obstruction
or perforation.
, NU 545 UNIT 7 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED
2024/2025 A COMPLETE BEST EXAM SOLUTION
CONTAINS 100% CORRECT VERIFIED/DETAILED
ANSWERS RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR PASS
Suitable clothing and warm environments are essential to protecting the hands, Trauma nd
smoking should be avoided. Treatment is individualized and based on organ involvement and
progression of the disease. immunosuppressive medications, ultraviolet light treatment, and
targeted therapies are prescribed.
Morphea Scleroderma - CORRECT ANSWERS Usually benign and self-limiting and is
confined to the skin and or underlying tissues.
Localized scleroderma (morphea) means sclerosis of the skin and underlying tissue. The disease
is rare, more common in females, and the cause is unknown. Genetic predisposition,
autoimmunity, and an immune reaction to a toxic substance are possible initiating mechanisms
of the disease. T helper cells (Th1 and TH17) and their cytokines are associated with fibroblast
proliferation and fibrosis. Several antibodies also have been identified, including antinuclear
antibody (ANA), antihistone antibody (AHA), and single-stranded DNA antibody (ss-DNA Ab).
There are subtypes of localized scleroderma, but all involve thickening of the skin. Localized
scleroderma is differentiated from systemic form of the disease by the absence of the
following: sclerodactyly, Raynaud phenomenon, abnormalities of the nail bed capillaries, or
internal organ involvement.
Inflammatory mediators in frost bite. - CORRECT ANSWERS Frostbite injury is related
to the direct endothelial cell damage. During rewarming, there is progressive microvascular
thrombosis followed by repercussion injury with release of inflammatory mediators (including:
thromboxjnes, prostaglandins, bradykinin, and histamines) with the impaired circulation and
anoxia to the exposed area. Cyanosis and mottling develop followed by redness, edema, and
burning pain on rewarming in more severe cases. Edema can cause capillary compression and
vascular stasis.
Within 24 to 48 hours, vesicles and bullae appear and resolve into crusts and eventually slough
off, leaving thin, newly formed skin. In the most severe cases result in gangrene with loss of the
affected part.
2024/2025 A COMPLETE BEST EXAM SOLUTION
CONTAINS 100% CORRECT VERIFIED/DETAILED
ANSWERS RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR PASS
Clinical manifestation of pressure ulcers. - CORRECT ANSWERS Pressure ulcers are
ischemic ulcers resulting from unrelieved pressure, shearing forces, friction, and moisture.
Decubitus ulcer refers to an ulcer or pressure sore that results when an individuallies or sits in
one position for a long time. Individuals with darkly pigmented skin are at greater risk because
early sings of skin damage may not be clearly visible.Usually develop over bony prominences.
Braden scale for staging:
I- Non blanchable erythema of intact skin usually over a bony prominence
II- Partial thickness skin loss involving epidermis or dermis presenting as a shallow open ulcer
with a red-pink wound bed, without slough
III- Full thickness skin loss involving damage or necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue that may
extend to but not through the fascia
IV- Full thickness tissue loss with exposure of muscle, bone or supporting structures can
includeundermining and tunneling
Suspected deep tissue injury is localized in an area of purple or maroon discolored intact skin or
blood filled blister caused by underlying soft tissue damage from pressure and/or shear.
Unstageable means the ulcer is full thickness tissue loss with base of ulcer covered by slough or
eschar or both in the wound bed. Superficial damage results in a layer of dead tissue that
appears as a blister, erosion, or non blanchable red/darkened skin or as a reddish blue
discoloration when there is deeper tissue damage. More common on the sacrum and a result of
shearing or friction forces. Deep sores develop closer to the bone as a result of tissue distortion
and vascular occlusion from pressure that is perpendicular to the tissue. Commonly occur on
the heels, trochanter, and ischia
Keloids: patho and clinical manifestations. - CORRECT ANSWERS Round firm elevated
scars with irregular claylike margins that extend beyond the original site of injury. They are
most commonly in darkly pigmented skin types and generally appear weeks to months after a
stable scar has formed. Keloids have excessive deposition of fibroblast-derived extracellular
matrix proteins, particularly type I and III collagen with persistent inflammation and fibrosis.
Keloids first appear as pink or red firm, well-defined rubbery plaques that persist for several
months after trauma. Later, uncontrolled overgrowth causes extension beyond the site of the
,NU 545 UNIT 7 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED
2024/2025 A COMPLETE BEST EXAM SOLUTION
CONTAINS 100% CORRECT VERIFIED/DETAILED
ANSWERS RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR PASS
original wound, and the tumor becomes smoother, irregularly shaped, hyper pigmented, and
harder with claylike prolongations.
Plaque psoriasis - CORRECT ANSWERS Plaque psoriasis is the most common and
affects 80-90% of individuals with psoriasis. Early onset psoriasis is an inflammatory lesion with
epidermal hyper proliferation, the presence of activated T lymphocytes and numerous
cytokines including, IL-I, IL-6, IL-17, OL-22, TNF-a, and TNF-y.
Inverse psoriasis - CORRECT ANSWERS Rare and involves lesions that develop in skin
folds. Often misdiagnosed as a fungal infection, they are large, smooth, dry, and deep red.
Guttate psoriasis: small papule (1 to 10mm) appear suddenly on the trunk and extremities. The
lesions may appear a few weeks after a streptococcal respiratory tract infection and are more
common in children. May resolve spontaneously in weeks or months.
Erythrodermic psoriasis: is characterized by widespread red, scaling, lesions that cover a large
body surface area (BSA) and is often accompanied by itching or pain associated with
constitutional symptoms. (fever, chills and fatigue) and skin infections.
Psoriatic psoriasis: (PsA) - CORRECT ANSWERS Associated with pro inflammatory
cytokines that cause psoriatic skin lesions particularly the IL-23/Th-17 axis and TNF-a. There are
several phenotypes including asymmetrical arthritis of the major joints. , enthesis
(inflammation of the ligaments and tendons) dactylitis (involvement of the finger and toes) and
nail disease. Psoriatic arthritis mutilans involves pronounced bone destruction, and there is a
greater risk of cardiovascular disease with PsA.
Chicken Pox Virus - CORRECT ANSWERS Chicken Pox (varicella) and herpes zoster
(shingles) are both produced by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). VZV is a complex
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus of the herpes group. The incubation period is 10to 27 days,
averaging 14 days. Vesicular lesions occur in the epidermis as infection occurs within the
keratinocytes. An inflammatory infiltrate is often present. Vesicles eventually rupture, followed
by crust formation or the development of transient ulcers on mucus membranes. Varicella
,NU 545 UNIT 7 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED
2024/2025 A COMPLETE BEST EXAM SOLUTION
CONTAINS 100% CORRECT VERIFIED/DETAILED
ANSWERS RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR PASS
usually occurs in people not previously exposed to VZV, whereas herpes-zoster (shingles) occur
sin individuals who have had varicella in the past. The virus enters the dorsal root ganglia and
remains latent. Since the introduction of live attenuated VZV vaccines in 1995, there has been a
significant reduction in the varicella incidence and its associated complications.
90% contract it within their decade of life.
Highly contagious.
Person to person contact with airborne droplets.
90% possibility that susceptible people in the same house will contact the illness.
Children are contagious at least 1 day prior to rash development and until 5-6 days after the
onset of the kin lesions in healthy children. 7-10 in immunocompromised children.
1st signs are itching and vesicles usually on the trunk, scalp, or face.
systemic scleroderma - CORRECT ANSWERS Systemic sclerosis is characterized by
cutaneous sclerosis with visceral involvement.
Systemic scleroderma (SSc), involves the connective tissues of the skin and many organs,
including the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs. Fibrosis occurs on the papillary and
reticular dermis and in the subcutaneous tissue and deep fascia. There are massive deposits of
Type 1 collagen with progressive fibrosis accompanied by inflammatory reactions, as well as
vascular changes in the capillary network with a decrease in the number of capillary loops,
dilatation of the remaining capillaries, formation of perivascular infiltrates, and development of
the occlusion and ischemia.
The cutaneous lesions are most often on the face and hands, the neck, and the upper chest,
although the entire skin can be involved. The skin is hard, hypo pigmented, taut, shinny, and
tightly attached to the underlying tissue. The tightness of the facial skin projects an immobile,
masculine appearance and the mouth many not open completely. The nose may assume a
beaklike appearance. The hands are shiny and sometimes red and edematous. The fingers
become tapered and flexed, often with contractors, depressed scars, and the loss of fingertips
from atrophy. Progression to body organs can occur, and death is caused by subsequent
respiratory failure, renal failure, cardiac dysrhythmias, or esophageal or intestinal obstruction
or perforation.
, NU 545 UNIT 7 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED
2024/2025 A COMPLETE BEST EXAM SOLUTION
CONTAINS 100% CORRECT VERIFIED/DETAILED
ANSWERS RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR PASS
Suitable clothing and warm environments are essential to protecting the hands, Trauma nd
smoking should be avoided. Treatment is individualized and based on organ involvement and
progression of the disease. immunosuppressive medications, ultraviolet light treatment, and
targeted therapies are prescribed.
Morphea Scleroderma - CORRECT ANSWERS Usually benign and self-limiting and is
confined to the skin and or underlying tissues.
Localized scleroderma (morphea) means sclerosis of the skin and underlying tissue. The disease
is rare, more common in females, and the cause is unknown. Genetic predisposition,
autoimmunity, and an immune reaction to a toxic substance are possible initiating mechanisms
of the disease. T helper cells (Th1 and TH17) and their cytokines are associated with fibroblast
proliferation and fibrosis. Several antibodies also have been identified, including antinuclear
antibody (ANA), antihistone antibody (AHA), and single-stranded DNA antibody (ss-DNA Ab).
There are subtypes of localized scleroderma, but all involve thickening of the skin. Localized
scleroderma is differentiated from systemic form of the disease by the absence of the
following: sclerodactyly, Raynaud phenomenon, abnormalities of the nail bed capillaries, or
internal organ involvement.
Inflammatory mediators in frost bite. - CORRECT ANSWERS Frostbite injury is related
to the direct endothelial cell damage. During rewarming, there is progressive microvascular
thrombosis followed by repercussion injury with release of inflammatory mediators (including:
thromboxjnes, prostaglandins, bradykinin, and histamines) with the impaired circulation and
anoxia to the exposed area. Cyanosis and mottling develop followed by redness, edema, and
burning pain on rewarming in more severe cases. Edema can cause capillary compression and
vascular stasis.
Within 24 to 48 hours, vesicles and bullae appear and resolve into crusts and eventually slough
off, leaving thin, newly formed skin. In the most severe cases result in gangrene with loss of the
affected part.
