Biostats 100A UPDATED ACTUAL Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Blinded study - CORRECT ANSWER - Study consisting of individuals randomized for
treatment or placebo groups; both the participant and the administrator do not know who is
getting what
Statistical process - CORRECT ANSWER - Examples include clinical research studies and
opinion polls
Classifying Data - CORRECT ANSWER - Data may be classified as quantitative or
qualitative
Quantitative Data - CORRECT ANSWER - Measurable data; something you can assign a
number to that is meaningful; can be broken down into continuous or discrete
Continuous Quantitative Data - CORRECT ANSWER - Something that literally covers the
entire line; there is a lower and upper bound, and any values in between can be significant;
includes values such as height and age
Discrete Quantitative Data - CORRECT ANSWER - Certain distinct values, such as heart
rate
Qualitative Data - CORRECT ANSWER - Something that is categorical in nature, and
thus cannot be assigned a number, such as gender or eye color or disease
Ordinal data - CORRECT ANSWER - Data that has ordinality, a gray area between
quantitative and qualitative data; numerical data with arbitrary numbers which are only
significant when order is taken into account, such as the visual analog scale in response to an
analgesic; AKA semi-quantitative data; part of the Steven's scale
, Steven's Scale - CORRECT ANSWER - Classifying data more thoroughly by taking into
account arithmetic; includes nominal data, ordinal data, interval data, and ratio data
Nominal data - CORRECT ANSWER - No arithmetic is possible with type of data; part of
the Steven's scale
Interval data - CORRECT ANSWER - Can do ordering, add, and subtract with this type of
data; part of the Steven's scale
Ratio data - CORRECT ANSWER - Data which can be multiplied, added, subtracted, and
divided; part of the Steven's scale
Sampling - CORRECT ANSWER - Taking a group which may be representative of the
population; includes probability and non-probability sampling
Probability Sampling - CORRECT ANSWER - Every element of the population has a
probability of being chosen, such that selection of the sample is strictly due to the laws of
probability, meaning randomness and uncertainty; types include simple random sampling, which
sometimes includes block randomization, stratified random sampling, cluster random sampling,
and systematic random sampling
Non-probability Sampling - CORRECT ANSWER - Some elements of the population
have no chance/probability of being chosen; people chosen for sample may have been
convenient, but were certainly not chosen based on each object having equal probability of being
chosen
Self-selection bias - CORRECT ANSWER - A type of clinical research trial wherein
participation by consent is used; because of this, only looking at small fraction of population; this
method is used constantly, and is used to make inferences and develop treatments, as there is no
way to get out of this dilemma
Simple Random Sampling - CORRECT ANSWER - Everyone has equal probability, such
as lottery picking; first must establish the population frame which describes/IDs each person in
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Blinded study - CORRECT ANSWER - Study consisting of individuals randomized for
treatment or placebo groups; both the participant and the administrator do not know who is
getting what
Statistical process - CORRECT ANSWER - Examples include clinical research studies and
opinion polls
Classifying Data - CORRECT ANSWER - Data may be classified as quantitative or
qualitative
Quantitative Data - CORRECT ANSWER - Measurable data; something you can assign a
number to that is meaningful; can be broken down into continuous or discrete
Continuous Quantitative Data - CORRECT ANSWER - Something that literally covers the
entire line; there is a lower and upper bound, and any values in between can be significant;
includes values such as height and age
Discrete Quantitative Data - CORRECT ANSWER - Certain distinct values, such as heart
rate
Qualitative Data - CORRECT ANSWER - Something that is categorical in nature, and
thus cannot be assigned a number, such as gender or eye color or disease
Ordinal data - CORRECT ANSWER - Data that has ordinality, a gray area between
quantitative and qualitative data; numerical data with arbitrary numbers which are only
significant when order is taken into account, such as the visual analog scale in response to an
analgesic; AKA semi-quantitative data; part of the Steven's scale
, Steven's Scale - CORRECT ANSWER - Classifying data more thoroughly by taking into
account arithmetic; includes nominal data, ordinal data, interval data, and ratio data
Nominal data - CORRECT ANSWER - No arithmetic is possible with type of data; part of
the Steven's scale
Interval data - CORRECT ANSWER - Can do ordering, add, and subtract with this type of
data; part of the Steven's scale
Ratio data - CORRECT ANSWER - Data which can be multiplied, added, subtracted, and
divided; part of the Steven's scale
Sampling - CORRECT ANSWER - Taking a group which may be representative of the
population; includes probability and non-probability sampling
Probability Sampling - CORRECT ANSWER - Every element of the population has a
probability of being chosen, such that selection of the sample is strictly due to the laws of
probability, meaning randomness and uncertainty; types include simple random sampling, which
sometimes includes block randomization, stratified random sampling, cluster random sampling,
and systematic random sampling
Non-probability Sampling - CORRECT ANSWER - Some elements of the population
have no chance/probability of being chosen; people chosen for sample may have been
convenient, but were certainly not chosen based on each object having equal probability of being
chosen
Self-selection bias - CORRECT ANSWER - A type of clinical research trial wherein
participation by consent is used; because of this, only looking at small fraction of population; this
method is used constantly, and is used to make inferences and develop treatments, as there is no
way to get out of this dilemma
Simple Random Sampling - CORRECT ANSWER - Everyone has equal probability, such
as lottery picking; first must establish the population frame which describes/IDs each person in
