EOSC 114 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE FULLY SOLVED |(A Pass)

EOSC 114 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE FULLY SOLVED |(A Pass) Age of Earth - Answers - 4.57 billion years = 4.57 Ga Age of oceans - Answers - 4.3 Ga when supercontinent Pangaea broke-up into the present-day continents - Answers - 200 million years = 200 Ma Time before present when life begins - Answers - 3.8 Ga Average ocean depth - Answers - 4 km Definition of Hazard - Answers - Something that has the potential to harm you Definition of Risk - Answers - likelihood of a hazard causing harm Equation for Risk - Answers - Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability Vertical Structure of Atmosphere (bottom to top) - Answers - Troposphere (where storms happen), Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere Vertical Structure of Earth (top to bottom) - Answers - Lithosphere (solid crust), Asthenosphere (plastic rock), Mesosphere (solid rock), Outer core (liquid metal), Inner core (solid metal) Disaster Scales - Earthquakes - Answers - Richter Scale, Modified Mercalli Scale, Moment Magnitude Scale Disaster Scales - Volcanoes - Answers - Volcano Explosivity Index Disaster Scales - Wind and Waves - Answers - Beaufort Scale Disaster Scales - Hurricanes - Answers - Saffir-Simpson Scale (out of 5) Radar Echo Intensity of Precipitation - Answers - dBZ Disaster Scales - Tornadoes - Answers - Enhanced Fujita Scale, Torro Scale Return Period - Answers - Average length of time between occurrences of a storm of a given magnitude or greater. Also known as recurrence interval. Define viscosity, fluids, and compressibility. - Answers - viscosity: the measure of a fluid's resistance to flow fluid: a substance that flows and takes the shape of its container compressibility: the measure of a material's ability to be squeezed or expanded, resulting in a change in density How do fluid, viscosity and compressibility relate to the phases of matter? - Answers - Solids: not very fluid, not very compressible Liquids: very fluid, not very compressible Gases: very fluid, very compressible List the 1st and 2nd most common elements in the Earth, ocean, and atmosphere - Answers - Earth's Core: 1st - Iron (Fe), 2nd - Nickel (Ni) Earth's Crust: 1st - Oxygen (O), 2nd - Silicon (Si) Ocean: 1st - Oxygen (O), 2nd - Hydrogen (H) Atmosphere: 1st - Nitrogen (N), 2nd - Oxygen (O) Define stress and strain in solid materials - Answers - stress: force per unit area acting on a material strain: change in shape or size of a solid object in response to stress 2 types of strain? - Answers - 1. Elastic: temporary and material returns to original shape when stress is removed 2. Plastic: permanent and results in deformation 5 types of energy? - Answers - Work Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Sensible Heat Latent Heat What are the 3 types of rock and how are they formed? - Answers - Igneous: formed from solidified magma or lava Sedimentary: formed from accumulation and cementation of sediment Metamorphic: transformation of existing rocks under heat and pressure Power - Answers - Definition: The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred Equation: P = W/t Unit: Watt (W) or Joules/second (J/s) Pressure - Answers - Definition: The force per unit area exerted on a surface perpendicular to the force Equation: P = F/A Unit: Pascal (Pa)