MMSC 360 Exam 1 with 152 correct
solutions.
MMSC 360 Exam 1 with 152 correct
solutions.
Immunity - ANSWER all physiologic mechanisms that enable the host to recognize materials as foreign
and to dispose of them with or without injury to its own tissues
immunology - ANSWER the study of the host's reaction when foreign substances are introduced into the
body
-foreign substances don't have to be infectious agents i.e. transfusion rejection
features of the immune response - ANSWER -recognition of self and non-self: during fetal development
the body learns what is self so that it knows which cells are part of the body (sometimes immune system
"forgets" and attacks self)
-immunomodulation of the host to protect against infectious disease: battle between self and non-self
cells or viruses
-undesirable responses-allergies, transplant rejection, autoimmune disease: immune system mounts
attack against non-self cell that is not life threatening, or mounts attack against self cells
innate immune system - ANSWER -non specific, will react the same to all invaders, present at birth
-consists of phagocytosis, complement proteins and inflammatory action of WBCs
acquired immunity - ANSWER -occurs after birth (once exposed to agent), specific (responds only to
invaders that have been experienced before)
-humoral mediated immunity (HMI): antibodies which are found in body fluids
-cell mediated immunity (CMI): types of phagocytic cells and cells that are able to kill non-self cells
humoral mediated immunity (HMI/ antibody-mediated immunity) - ANSWER -part of the acquired
immune response that defends against extracellular bacterial infections outside of our own cells
-cell types: B lymphocytes (B cells) which mature into plasma cells
-mechanism is antibody mediated
,MMSC 360 Exam 1 with 152 correct
solutions.
cell mediated immunity (CMI) - ANSWER -part of acquired immune response that defends against viral,
fungal, intracellular organisms, tumors and causes graft rejection
-cell types: T lymphocytes (T cells) and macrophages
-mechanism is cell mediated by direct cell to cell contact OR by production of lymphokines
lymphokines - ANSWER molecules that activate other cells
characteristics of acquired immune response - ANSWER -recognition: distinguishing self from non-self
-specificity: targets only the substance that induces the reaction
-memory: second exposure leads to a stronger and quicker response due to creation of memory cells
active acquired immunity - ANSWER the host has to make its own protection
-natural: natural body process such as recovery from infection
-artificial: requires the intervention of medical professional such as vaccines
passive acquired immunity - ANSWER not doing something to protect yourself, being transferred from
another organism
-natural: newborns gain immunity from the colostrum breast milk and gain antibodies from the mother
-artificial: taking serum of individuals who survived a given infection and injection into the people who
are suffering from the same infection
innate immunity - ANSWER -nonspecific
-non inducible and inducible
-first line of defense
non-inducible - ANSWER immunities are present at all times
, MMSC 360 Exam 1 with 152 correct
solutions.
inducible - ANSWER immunities are turned off until they are necessary
external defense system - ANSWER first line of defense of the innate immune system to prevent
pathogens from entering the body in the first place
-mechanical barriers to infection
-secretory chemical product barriers to infection
-physiologic factors are barriers from infection
mechanical barriers to infection - ANSWER -intact skin: trauma to skin allow microbes through the skin
barrier, mosquito bites can allow pathogens to penetrate skin, certain parasitic worms can penetrate
the skin
-mucous membranes: not as impenetrable as skin, but able to trap microorganisms, mucous blanket
expelled by coughing, mucosal epithelial cells turn over in ~5 days
-specific examples: eyelids blink every few seconds and get rid of airborne substances, cornea has
several layers of cells covering it that are replaced every few days to remove bacteria
secretory protection from infection - ANSWER -sebaceous glands: lactic acid lowers pH of skin which
makes it difficult for bacteria to grow, fatty acids can be directly toxic to bacteria, produce sebum
-lysozyme: found in tears, urine and saliva and lyses peptidoglycan on bacterial cell wall
-lavage: flushing action of saliva, tears, perspiration and urine which trap bacteria and microbes and
decolonize the areas
-HCl: creates pH of 3 in the stomach that breaks down food and microbe particles
-urine/ vaginal secretions: acidic pH prevents colonization of pathogens
-iron binding proteins: lactoferrin and transferrin have high affinity of iron allowing and take iron away
from bacteria that compete with body cells for iron, serophores bring iron back to body cells
-interferons: stop or slow growth of viruses
-defensins: small proteins that insert into plasma membrane of bacteria and cause the cells to lyse,
some can attack certain viruses
lactoferrin - ANSWER iron binding protein found in breast milk
solutions.
MMSC 360 Exam 1 with 152 correct
solutions.
Immunity - ANSWER all physiologic mechanisms that enable the host to recognize materials as foreign
and to dispose of them with or without injury to its own tissues
immunology - ANSWER the study of the host's reaction when foreign substances are introduced into the
body
-foreign substances don't have to be infectious agents i.e. transfusion rejection
features of the immune response - ANSWER -recognition of self and non-self: during fetal development
the body learns what is self so that it knows which cells are part of the body (sometimes immune system
"forgets" and attacks self)
-immunomodulation of the host to protect against infectious disease: battle between self and non-self
cells or viruses
-undesirable responses-allergies, transplant rejection, autoimmune disease: immune system mounts
attack against non-self cell that is not life threatening, or mounts attack against self cells
innate immune system - ANSWER -non specific, will react the same to all invaders, present at birth
-consists of phagocytosis, complement proteins and inflammatory action of WBCs
acquired immunity - ANSWER -occurs after birth (once exposed to agent), specific (responds only to
invaders that have been experienced before)
-humoral mediated immunity (HMI): antibodies which are found in body fluids
-cell mediated immunity (CMI): types of phagocytic cells and cells that are able to kill non-self cells
humoral mediated immunity (HMI/ antibody-mediated immunity) - ANSWER -part of the acquired
immune response that defends against extracellular bacterial infections outside of our own cells
-cell types: B lymphocytes (B cells) which mature into plasma cells
-mechanism is antibody mediated
,MMSC 360 Exam 1 with 152 correct
solutions.
cell mediated immunity (CMI) - ANSWER -part of acquired immune response that defends against viral,
fungal, intracellular organisms, tumors and causes graft rejection
-cell types: T lymphocytes (T cells) and macrophages
-mechanism is cell mediated by direct cell to cell contact OR by production of lymphokines
lymphokines - ANSWER molecules that activate other cells
characteristics of acquired immune response - ANSWER -recognition: distinguishing self from non-self
-specificity: targets only the substance that induces the reaction
-memory: second exposure leads to a stronger and quicker response due to creation of memory cells
active acquired immunity - ANSWER the host has to make its own protection
-natural: natural body process such as recovery from infection
-artificial: requires the intervention of medical professional such as vaccines
passive acquired immunity - ANSWER not doing something to protect yourself, being transferred from
another organism
-natural: newborns gain immunity from the colostrum breast milk and gain antibodies from the mother
-artificial: taking serum of individuals who survived a given infection and injection into the people who
are suffering from the same infection
innate immunity - ANSWER -nonspecific
-non inducible and inducible
-first line of defense
non-inducible - ANSWER immunities are present at all times
, MMSC 360 Exam 1 with 152 correct
solutions.
inducible - ANSWER immunities are turned off until they are necessary
external defense system - ANSWER first line of defense of the innate immune system to prevent
pathogens from entering the body in the first place
-mechanical barriers to infection
-secretory chemical product barriers to infection
-physiologic factors are barriers from infection
mechanical barriers to infection - ANSWER -intact skin: trauma to skin allow microbes through the skin
barrier, mosquito bites can allow pathogens to penetrate skin, certain parasitic worms can penetrate
the skin
-mucous membranes: not as impenetrable as skin, but able to trap microorganisms, mucous blanket
expelled by coughing, mucosal epithelial cells turn over in ~5 days
-specific examples: eyelids blink every few seconds and get rid of airborne substances, cornea has
several layers of cells covering it that are replaced every few days to remove bacteria
secretory protection from infection - ANSWER -sebaceous glands: lactic acid lowers pH of skin which
makes it difficult for bacteria to grow, fatty acids can be directly toxic to bacteria, produce sebum
-lysozyme: found in tears, urine and saliva and lyses peptidoglycan on bacterial cell wall
-lavage: flushing action of saliva, tears, perspiration and urine which trap bacteria and microbes and
decolonize the areas
-HCl: creates pH of 3 in the stomach that breaks down food and microbe particles
-urine/ vaginal secretions: acidic pH prevents colonization of pathogens
-iron binding proteins: lactoferrin and transferrin have high affinity of iron allowing and take iron away
from bacteria that compete with body cells for iron, serophores bring iron back to body cells
-interferons: stop or slow growth of viruses
-defensins: small proteins that insert into plasma membrane of bacteria and cause the cells to lyse,
some can attack certain viruses
lactoferrin - ANSWER iron binding protein found in breast milk
