STROKE QUESTIONS AND
COMPREHENSIVE ANSWERS
Modifiable risk factors for stroke ANSW✅✅Hypertension
Hypercholesterolemia
Atherosclerosis
Cardiac diseases eg. Atrial fibrillation
Obesity
Drugs and excessive alcohol intake
Diabetes, sickle cell anemia
TIA
Physical inactivity
Sleep Apnea
Incidence and burden of Disability in stroke ANSW✅✅#1 cause of disability in adults
1/3 die, 1/3 minimal or no disability
1/3 with long term disability
Incidence and burden of Death in stroke ANSW✅✅Second leading cause of death worldwide
Fourth leading cause of death in Singapore
10-12% of all deaths in Singapore
percentage of strokes that are ischemic ANSW✅✅87%
Aetiology of ischemic stroke ANSW✅✅Lack of blood flow to an area in the brain, deprives brain
tissue of oxygen
Percentage of hemorrhagic stroke ANSW✅✅13%
, Aetiology of hemorrhagic stroke ANSW✅✅Release of blood into extravascular space (inside or
around brain tissue), causes pressure injuries to brain tissues.
Different types of ischemic strokes ANSW✅✅Thrombotic stroke (Large atherosclerosis, Lacuner
stroke), Embolic stroke
Mechanism of large atherosclerosis ANSW✅✅extracranial artherosclerotic plague (build up of
fats or lipids around blood vessels walls), primary intracranial atherosclerosis
Blood clot is formed when ANSW✅✅blood cells and fibrin strands clump together.
A thrombus ANSW✅✅is blood clot that block blood flow
Mechanism of lacunar stroke ANSW✅✅Occurs in small blood vessels in brain. Microatheroma
(accumulation of degenerative material in the inner layer of artery wall) and lipohyalinosis
(endothelial dysfunction from inflammation) in small penetrating arteries in the brain; often times
hard to see on non-contrast head CT
Microatheroma is the ANSW✅✅accumulation of degenerative material in the inner layer of artery
wall
Lipophyalinosis ANSW✅✅endothelial dysfunction from inflammation
Mechanism of Embolic stroke ANSW✅✅Substance from elsewhere in the vascular system, travels
in the bloodstream to lodge in vessel leading to the brain.
Cardiogenic in nature.
Different types of hemorrhagic stroke ANSW✅✅Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), Subarachnoid
hemorrhage (SAH)
Mechanism of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) ANSW✅✅Non-traumatic hemorrhage within the
parenchyma of brain, abrupt onset, commonly caused by hypertension
COMPREHENSIVE ANSWERS
Modifiable risk factors for stroke ANSW✅✅Hypertension
Hypercholesterolemia
Atherosclerosis
Cardiac diseases eg. Atrial fibrillation
Obesity
Drugs and excessive alcohol intake
Diabetes, sickle cell anemia
TIA
Physical inactivity
Sleep Apnea
Incidence and burden of Disability in stroke ANSW✅✅#1 cause of disability in adults
1/3 die, 1/3 minimal or no disability
1/3 with long term disability
Incidence and burden of Death in stroke ANSW✅✅Second leading cause of death worldwide
Fourth leading cause of death in Singapore
10-12% of all deaths in Singapore
percentage of strokes that are ischemic ANSW✅✅87%
Aetiology of ischemic stroke ANSW✅✅Lack of blood flow to an area in the brain, deprives brain
tissue of oxygen
Percentage of hemorrhagic stroke ANSW✅✅13%
, Aetiology of hemorrhagic stroke ANSW✅✅Release of blood into extravascular space (inside or
around brain tissue), causes pressure injuries to brain tissues.
Different types of ischemic strokes ANSW✅✅Thrombotic stroke (Large atherosclerosis, Lacuner
stroke), Embolic stroke
Mechanism of large atherosclerosis ANSW✅✅extracranial artherosclerotic plague (build up of
fats or lipids around blood vessels walls), primary intracranial atherosclerosis
Blood clot is formed when ANSW✅✅blood cells and fibrin strands clump together.
A thrombus ANSW✅✅is blood clot that block blood flow
Mechanism of lacunar stroke ANSW✅✅Occurs in small blood vessels in brain. Microatheroma
(accumulation of degenerative material in the inner layer of artery wall) and lipohyalinosis
(endothelial dysfunction from inflammation) in small penetrating arteries in the brain; often times
hard to see on non-contrast head CT
Microatheroma is the ANSW✅✅accumulation of degenerative material in the inner layer of artery
wall
Lipophyalinosis ANSW✅✅endothelial dysfunction from inflammation
Mechanism of Embolic stroke ANSW✅✅Substance from elsewhere in the vascular system, travels
in the bloodstream to lodge in vessel leading to the brain.
Cardiogenic in nature.
Different types of hemorrhagic stroke ANSW✅✅Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), Subarachnoid
hemorrhage (SAH)
Mechanism of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) ANSW✅✅Non-traumatic hemorrhage within the
parenchyma of brain, abrupt onset, commonly caused by hypertension
