mason policy politics in nursing and health care 8th edition by Elizabeth Lynne Mason, Diana J.; Perez, Adrianna; McLemore, Monica R.; Dickson-Test Bank

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Chapter01:Introduction ni ni




MULTIPLE CHOICE ni




1. Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention? ni ni ni ni ni ni ni ni ni




a. Vaccination for rotavirus for children younger than the age of 1 year ni ni ni ni ni ni ni ni ni ni ni




b. Surgicalamputation of an extremitywith osteosarcoma (bonecancer) ni ni ni ni ni ni ni ni




c. Screeningfor gestational diabetes after 24 weeks of pregnancy ni ni ni ni ni ni ni ni




d. Sexualeducation program in elementaryschools ni ni ni ni ni




e. Increasingtaxesforbuyingcigarettes ni ni ni ni




ni ANS: B ni




Surgical amputation of an extremity with osteosarcoma (bone cancer) is an example in which when
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a disease is present the treatment (amputation) is done to reduce the impact of disease by preventing
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the tumor from dissemination. Vaccination for rotavirus for children younger than the age of 1 year,
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sexual education program in elementary schools, and increasing taxes for buying cigarettes
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represent examples of primary prevention. Screening for gestational diabetes after 24 weeks of
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pregnancy is an example of secondary prevention.
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2. This historic character observed that childbed fever mortality was more common among
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women treated by physicians and medical students compared with women treated by midwives.
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Based on his observations, he implemented ahand wash policythat resultedin a decrease in
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mortality. Name the character that we are talking about.
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a. John Snow ni




b. Edward Jenner ni




c. D.A. Henderson ni




d. LeonGordis ni




e. IgnazSemmelweis ni




ni ANS: E ni




Ignaz Semmelweis identified that medicalstudents and physicians transmitted the disease by not
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washing their hands after examining bodies at autopsies and conducting multiple examinations in
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the clinic.
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3. Thanks to the contributions of Edward Jenner, the followingdiseasewas eradicated later by
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efforts organized by D.A. Henderson:
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a. Cholera
b. Smallpox
c. Chickenpox
d. Polio
e. Zika

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ANS: B ni




Smallpox was eradicated in 1980. Edward Jenner vaccinated James Phipps in 1796 against
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smallpox. Almost 200 years later, the World Health Organization (WHO) commissioned
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D.A. Henderson to lead the efforts to eradicate the disease.
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4. Over the past century, a marked decline in the mortalityrates of many infectious diseases has
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been observed. Which of the followingis the most likelyreason for the observed decline in
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mortality rates from common infectious diseases?
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a. Development of penicillin ni ni




b. Developmentof insulin ni ni




c. Development of vaccines ni ni




d. Improvement in social conditions ni ni ni




e. Worsesanitationandunsafewater ni ni ni ni




ni ANS: D ni




Although medical treatments potentially helped in the decrease of infectious diseases, the
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advancement in social conditions played a major role. These improvements include better
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sanitation, safe disposal of waste, better nutrition, and improvement in housing conditions.
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Chapter02:The Dynamics of Disease Transmission ni ni ni ni ni ni




Test Bank MULTIPLE ni ni




CHOICE
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1. Which term most accurately describes the following definition? “The occurrence in a
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communityor region of cases of an illness, specific health-relatedbehavior, or other health-
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related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy.” [Porta M, ed. A Dictionary of
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Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014.]
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a. Endemic
b. Epidemic
c. Pandemic
d. Attack rate ni




e. Incubationperiod ni




ni ANS: B ni




An epidemic is the occurrence of health-related events in a community or region, in clear excess of
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normal expectation. Endemic is not true because it is defined as the constant occurrence of a
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disease, disorder, or noxious infectious agent in a geographic area or populationgroup. Pandemic
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isnot true because it isdefinedas an epidemic occurringovera very wide area, crossing
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international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of
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Copyright© 2020 byElsevier, Inc. Allrights reserved. ni ni ni ni ni ni ni ni

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people. Attack rate is not true because it is defined as number of people at risk in whom a certain
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illness develops over total number of people at risk. Incubation period is not true becauseit is the
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intervalfrom receipt of infection to the time of onset of clinicalillness (the onset of recognizable
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symptoms).
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2. Whatis the most accurate definition of the incubation period (of an infectious disease)?
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a. The time of onset of clinical illness or the onset ofrecognizable symptoms
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b. Theintervalfrom receipt of infection to the time of onset of clinical illness (the onset of
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recognizable symptoms)
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c. The time of invasion by an infectious agent ni ni ni ni ni ni ni




d. Thetime between initiation of infection and first sheddingor excretion of the agent
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e. Theperiodbetweenexposureandtheonsetofinfectiousness
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ni ANS: B ni




The incubation period is defined as the interval from receipt of infection to the time of onset of
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clinical illness (the onset of recognizable symptoms); in other words, the time between the moment
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of developing symptoms and the moment of invasion by an infectious agent. “The time of onset of
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clinical illness or the onset of recognizable symptoms” is not true as it corresponds to “time of
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onset.” “The time of invasion byan infectious agent” is not true as it corresponds to “time of
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infection.” “The time between initiation of infection and first shedding or excretion of the agent”
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and “The period between exposure and the onset of infectiousness” are not true as they correspond
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to the latent period. (The latent period is focusing on the onset of infectiousness, but the incubation
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period is focusing on the onset of the symptom.)
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3. There was a food poisoning outbreak on April 1, 2018, at the City Z Food Safety Conference.
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There were 1,000 people registered for the conference with luncheon, 100 volunteers to host
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attendees, and 50 people who served the luncheon during the conference. Except for 50 people who
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served the food, all of the participants and volunteers ate the food from the luncheon at the
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conferenceon April 1, 2018. Based onlyon the information given in this question, how many
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people are at risk in this food poisoning outbreak?
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a. 1,000
b. 1,100
c. 1,150
d. 150
e. 50

ANS:B
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People at risk in this outbreak are people who were exposed to the food at the conference. Even
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though 1,150 people were at the conference, 50 people who served the food did not eat the food.
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Therefore we have to exclude those 50 people.
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4. There was a food poisoning outbreak on April 1, 2018, at the City Z Food Safety Conference.
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There were 1,000 people registered for the conference with luncheon, 100 volunteers to host
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attendees, and 50 people who served the luncheon during the conference. Except for 50 people
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who served the food, all of the participants and volunteers ate the food
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Copyright© 2020 byElsevier, Inc. Allrights reserved. ni ni ni ni ni ni ni ni

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from the luncheon at the conference on April 1, 2018. After an initial outbreak of food poisoning is
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reported, an epidemiologist sends surveys to all people at risk to investigate the cause. However,
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only 900 people among those at risk answer the survey. After analysis of 900 survey results, the
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epidemiologist concludes that the most suspected foods in the outbreak arepepperonipizzaand
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meatballspaghetti. What isthe overallattack ratefor those who ate meatball spaghetti? Use the
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following table to answer the question.
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Summaryof Survey Responses ni ni ni




Number of people who ni ni ni Numberofpeoplewhoatethe ni ni ni ni ni




developedthecasedefinition
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ni




symptoms
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Pepperoni pizza only ni ni 113 275

Meatballspaghetti only ni ni 62 375

Bothpepperonipizzaand ni ni ni 57 150
meatball spaghetti
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Neitherofpepperonipizzaor ni ni ni ni 10 100
meatball spaghetti
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a. 41%
b. 38%
c. 27%
d. 40%
e. 23%

ANS:E
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To calculate the food-specific attack rate, we need to define how manypeopleare exposed to the
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specific food and how many people develop the symptoms in the case definition. In this question,
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we are asking about “overall” attack rate in those people who ate meatball spaghetti, so we have to
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add “meatball spaghetti only” and “both pepperoni pizza and meatball spaghetti” to get the overall
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rate. Which is 525 (375 plus 150), who are at risk of exposure, and 119 (62 plus 57), who developed
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the symptoms, corresponding to 23% of attack rate.
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5. There was a food poisoning outbreak on April 1, 2018, at the City Z Food Safety Conference.
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There were 1,000 people registered for the conference with luncheon, 100 volunteers to host
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attendees, and 50 people who served the luncheon during the conference. Except for 50 people
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who served the food, all of the participants and volunteers ate the food from the luncheon at the
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conference on April 1, 2018. After an initial outbreak of food poisoningisreported, an
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epidemiologist sendssurveys to all people at risk to investigate the cause. However, only 900
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people among those at risk answer the survey. After analysis of 900 survey results, the
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epidemiologist concludes that the most suspected foods in the outbreak are pepperoni pizza and
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meatball spaghetti. What is the most suspected food for food poisoning after cross-tabulation?
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Use the following table to answer the question. Summary of Survey Responses
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Number of people who ni ni ni Number of people who ate the ni ni ni ni ni




Copyright© 2020 byElsevier, Inc. Allrights reserved. ni ni ni ni ni ni ni ni