REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY Final Exam
Questions and Answers Latest Update
2025 Graded A+ For Excellent Pass
cat - CORRECT ANSWERS Name a species that shows elevation of rear quarters and
hyperextension of the back.
estradiol - CORRECT ANSWERS Which hormone, acting through specific receptors in the
fetal brain, results in masculinization of the behavioral centers in the brain?
alpha-fetoprotein keeps estrogen from binding to receptors in the brain - CORRECT
ANSWERS How is estrogen in the female fetus prevented from binding to estrogen receptors
in the brain?
testosterone (brain will convert it to estradiol, which masculinizes the brain) - CORRECT
ANSWERS What hormone would you inject to masculinize the behavioral centers in a female
fetus?
yes - CORRECT ANSWERS Can other species detect the presence of estrous pheromones?
vomeronasal - CORRECT ANSWERS What organ is used to detect less volatile pheromones?
flehman response - CORRECT ANSWERS What is the name of the behavior that males of
certain species use to investigate bodily secretions for the presence of less volatile
pheromones?
olfaction, vision, audition, tactility - CORRECT ANSWERS What are the primary sensory
inputs for reproductive behaviors?
,Search for sexual partner, courtship, sexual arousal, erection, penile protrusion - CORRECT
ANSWERS What are the 5 components of precopulatory behavior in the male?
Dismount, refractory period, memory - CORRECT ANSWERS What are the 3 components of
postcopulatory behavior in the male?
Attractivity, proceptivity, receptivity - CORRECT ANSWERS What are the 3 functions of
female reproductive behavior?
The ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles control blood flow through contraction
and relaxation. - CORRECT ANSWERS What muscles are involved in erection and
ejaculation? Which contact and which relax during erection and ejaculation? What is the
purpose the contraction or relaxation of these muscles?
Coolidge effect - CORRECT ANSWERS the sexually arousing power of a new partner (greater
than the appeal of a familiar partner)
Viagra does not cause an erection, it only sustains it after sexual arousal. Viagra does this by
inhibiting PGE5. PGE5 makes cyclic GMP unicyclic, which relaxes the penile arteries and kills
the erection. - CORRECT ANSWERS Does Viagra cause an erection or does Viagra help
sustain an erection?
phagocytosis by neutrophils, retrograde transport - CORRECT ANSWERS What are the two
ways in which spermatozoa are lost from the female tract?
transverse the cervix, be transported through the uterus to oviduct, undergo capacitation,
bind the oocyte, undergo the acrosome reaction, penetrate the zona pellucida - CORRECT
ANSWERS What are the 6 steps that viable spermatozoa must do to reach fertilization?
- CORRECT ANSWERS Can dead sperm be transported in the female tract?
The cervix produces two types of mucus, one of high viscosity and one of low. Sperm that
encounter the high viscosity are washed out of the tract, but those the encounter the low
viscosity are propelled toward the oviduct. - CORRECT ANSWERS Sperm in the female
reproductive tract can be propelled toward the oviduct, but some are also propelled in the
opposite direction. Explain what causes this.
,Sperm must undergo capacitation, which occurs when seminal plasma proteins are stripped
away from the sperm by the female tract. This makes it possible for the sperm to bind to the
zona pellucida of the oocyte. - CORRECT ANSWERS Why do sperm need to reside in the
female tract for a period of time before they become fertile?
oocyte, cumulus cells, sticky glycoprotein matrix - CORRECT ANSWERS Name the materials
and cells that are released from the follicle at ovulation.
oviduct due to the specific molecules produced by the epithelium - CORRECT ANSWERS
Where do sperm become hyperactivated in the female reproductive tract? Why do they
become hyperactivated there and not somewhere else?
Uterotubal junction - CORRECT ANSWERS What is the site of fertilization?
sperm-oocyte contact, more easily penetrate zona pellucida - CORRECT ANSWERS What are
two purposes for hyperactivation?
3 - CORRECT ANSWERS How many zona pellucida glycoproteins are there?
cortical granules undergo exocytosis and their contents are released in the the perivitelline
space, causing the egg to undergo biochemical changes so another sperm cannot penetrate
it. - CORRECT ANSWERS Describe how the zona reaction prevents polyspermy.
it reduces the ability of the oocyte plasma membrane fusing with additional sperm -
CORRECT ANSWERS How does the vitelline block prevent polyspermy?
There will be no acrosome reaction, making it impossible to penetrate the zona pellucida -
CORRECT ANSWERS What is the consequence of blocking zona proteins (i.e., ZP2)?
by blocking the zona proteins and the acrosome reaction, making fertilization impossible -
CORRECT ANSWERS How does immunization against ZP2 in the deer female (i.e., doe)
prevent conception?
flagellum and privileged pathways - CORRECT ANSWERS What are the 2 ways sperm are
transported from the vagina or cervix to the oviduct?
, zona pellucida, vitelline membrane - CORRECT ANSWERS What must a sperm penetrate to
enter the oocyte during fertilization?
resumption of the second meiotic division, zona reaction, vitelline block - CORRECT
ANSWERS Name three things that are triggered when the equatorial segment of the sperm
fuses to the vitelline membrane during fertilization.
embryo - CORRECT ANSWERS an organism in the early stages of development
fetus - CORRECT ANSWERS a potential offspring that is still within the uterus but
recognizable as a member of a given species
conceptus - CORRECT ANSWERS product of conception, including the embryo and extra-
embryonic membranes, and the fetus and placenta.
capacitation - CORRECT ANSWERS Sperm must reside in the female tract for a period before
acquire maximum fertility. That process is called:
uterus - CORRECT ANSWERS Where does capacitation take place?
hyperactivation - CORRECT ANSWERS What process aids in sperm penetrating the zona
more effectively AND helps sperm break away from attachment to oviductal epithelium due
to the sperm moving in a frenzy motion?
b - CORRECT ANSWERS During sperm transport in the female reproductive tract, what is
NOT a function of the cervix?
a. Cervix is a barrier for non-motile, abnormal and dead sperm
b. Cervix is the site of fertilization
c. Cervix secrets 2 types of mucous, generating the "Privileged pathway"
d. Cervix is a reservoir for sperm
Sperm will not be able to bind to the oocyte and it will not trigger the acrosome reaction -
CORRECT ANSWERS If a sperm has a mutation in the specific sperm membrane proteins
(ZBR and ARPR) that bind to the Zona Pellucida...
Questions and Answers Latest Update
2025 Graded A+ For Excellent Pass
cat - CORRECT ANSWERS Name a species that shows elevation of rear quarters and
hyperextension of the back.
estradiol - CORRECT ANSWERS Which hormone, acting through specific receptors in the
fetal brain, results in masculinization of the behavioral centers in the brain?
alpha-fetoprotein keeps estrogen from binding to receptors in the brain - CORRECT
ANSWERS How is estrogen in the female fetus prevented from binding to estrogen receptors
in the brain?
testosterone (brain will convert it to estradiol, which masculinizes the brain) - CORRECT
ANSWERS What hormone would you inject to masculinize the behavioral centers in a female
fetus?
yes - CORRECT ANSWERS Can other species detect the presence of estrous pheromones?
vomeronasal - CORRECT ANSWERS What organ is used to detect less volatile pheromones?
flehman response - CORRECT ANSWERS What is the name of the behavior that males of
certain species use to investigate bodily secretions for the presence of less volatile
pheromones?
olfaction, vision, audition, tactility - CORRECT ANSWERS What are the primary sensory
inputs for reproductive behaviors?
,Search for sexual partner, courtship, sexual arousal, erection, penile protrusion - CORRECT
ANSWERS What are the 5 components of precopulatory behavior in the male?
Dismount, refractory period, memory - CORRECT ANSWERS What are the 3 components of
postcopulatory behavior in the male?
Attractivity, proceptivity, receptivity - CORRECT ANSWERS What are the 3 functions of
female reproductive behavior?
The ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles control blood flow through contraction
and relaxation. - CORRECT ANSWERS What muscles are involved in erection and
ejaculation? Which contact and which relax during erection and ejaculation? What is the
purpose the contraction or relaxation of these muscles?
Coolidge effect - CORRECT ANSWERS the sexually arousing power of a new partner (greater
than the appeal of a familiar partner)
Viagra does not cause an erection, it only sustains it after sexual arousal. Viagra does this by
inhibiting PGE5. PGE5 makes cyclic GMP unicyclic, which relaxes the penile arteries and kills
the erection. - CORRECT ANSWERS Does Viagra cause an erection or does Viagra help
sustain an erection?
phagocytosis by neutrophils, retrograde transport - CORRECT ANSWERS What are the two
ways in which spermatozoa are lost from the female tract?
transverse the cervix, be transported through the uterus to oviduct, undergo capacitation,
bind the oocyte, undergo the acrosome reaction, penetrate the zona pellucida - CORRECT
ANSWERS What are the 6 steps that viable spermatozoa must do to reach fertilization?
- CORRECT ANSWERS Can dead sperm be transported in the female tract?
The cervix produces two types of mucus, one of high viscosity and one of low. Sperm that
encounter the high viscosity are washed out of the tract, but those the encounter the low
viscosity are propelled toward the oviduct. - CORRECT ANSWERS Sperm in the female
reproductive tract can be propelled toward the oviduct, but some are also propelled in the
opposite direction. Explain what causes this.
,Sperm must undergo capacitation, which occurs when seminal plasma proteins are stripped
away from the sperm by the female tract. This makes it possible for the sperm to bind to the
zona pellucida of the oocyte. - CORRECT ANSWERS Why do sperm need to reside in the
female tract for a period of time before they become fertile?
oocyte, cumulus cells, sticky glycoprotein matrix - CORRECT ANSWERS Name the materials
and cells that are released from the follicle at ovulation.
oviduct due to the specific molecules produced by the epithelium - CORRECT ANSWERS
Where do sperm become hyperactivated in the female reproductive tract? Why do they
become hyperactivated there and not somewhere else?
Uterotubal junction - CORRECT ANSWERS What is the site of fertilization?
sperm-oocyte contact, more easily penetrate zona pellucida - CORRECT ANSWERS What are
two purposes for hyperactivation?
3 - CORRECT ANSWERS How many zona pellucida glycoproteins are there?
cortical granules undergo exocytosis and their contents are released in the the perivitelline
space, causing the egg to undergo biochemical changes so another sperm cannot penetrate
it. - CORRECT ANSWERS Describe how the zona reaction prevents polyspermy.
it reduces the ability of the oocyte plasma membrane fusing with additional sperm -
CORRECT ANSWERS How does the vitelline block prevent polyspermy?
There will be no acrosome reaction, making it impossible to penetrate the zona pellucida -
CORRECT ANSWERS What is the consequence of blocking zona proteins (i.e., ZP2)?
by blocking the zona proteins and the acrosome reaction, making fertilization impossible -
CORRECT ANSWERS How does immunization against ZP2 in the deer female (i.e., doe)
prevent conception?
flagellum and privileged pathways - CORRECT ANSWERS What are the 2 ways sperm are
transported from the vagina or cervix to the oviduct?
, zona pellucida, vitelline membrane - CORRECT ANSWERS What must a sperm penetrate to
enter the oocyte during fertilization?
resumption of the second meiotic division, zona reaction, vitelline block - CORRECT
ANSWERS Name three things that are triggered when the equatorial segment of the sperm
fuses to the vitelline membrane during fertilization.
embryo - CORRECT ANSWERS an organism in the early stages of development
fetus - CORRECT ANSWERS a potential offspring that is still within the uterus but
recognizable as a member of a given species
conceptus - CORRECT ANSWERS product of conception, including the embryo and extra-
embryonic membranes, and the fetus and placenta.
capacitation - CORRECT ANSWERS Sperm must reside in the female tract for a period before
acquire maximum fertility. That process is called:
uterus - CORRECT ANSWERS Where does capacitation take place?
hyperactivation - CORRECT ANSWERS What process aids in sperm penetrating the zona
more effectively AND helps sperm break away from attachment to oviductal epithelium due
to the sperm moving in a frenzy motion?
b - CORRECT ANSWERS During sperm transport in the female reproductive tract, what is
NOT a function of the cervix?
a. Cervix is a barrier for non-motile, abnormal and dead sperm
b. Cervix is the site of fertilization
c. Cervix secrets 2 types of mucous, generating the "Privileged pathway"
d. Cervix is a reservoir for sperm
Sperm will not be able to bind to the oocyte and it will not trigger the acrosome reaction -
CORRECT ANSWERS If a sperm has a mutation in the specific sperm membrane proteins
(ZBR and ARPR) that bind to the Zona Pellucida...
