NSG 251 Exam 2025 Need to Study
Questions and Verified Answers
Virulence - ✔✔Microbes ability to cause severe disease and harm to host
Microbial Adherence - ✔✔ability of a microbe to latch onto and gain entrance into its host
Invasion - ✔✔How microbes invade host
- usually through skin
Mobility - ✔✔appendages allow microbe to move toward nutrients
Bacterial Enzymes - ✔✔helps microorganism to spread or invade tissues
Exotoxins - ✔✔excreted by living cells
Endotoxins - ✔✔Released upon cell death and sometimes during cell growth
Anti-phagocytic Factors - ✔✔Prevents microbe from being pagocytized
Endospores - ✔✔Allows microbe to survive under harsh environmental conditions
Common Drug Resistant Bacterias - ✔✔- MRSA
,- VRE
- ESBL
- CRE
- MDR-TB
Preventing Microbial Resistance - ✔✔- Vaccinations
- removal of catheters
- diagnosing and treating infection effectively
- using antimicrobials wisely
- prevent transmission
Number one way to prevent the spread of infection - ✔✔Wash your hands
Disinfectant - ✔✔- kills organisms
- used only on nonliving objects
- cidal agent
Antiseptic - ✔✔- only inhibits growth of microorganisms, does not necessarily kill them
- applied exclusively to living tissue
- static agents
Two types of antibiotics - ✔✔- Broad
Spectrum - Narrow Spectrum
Broad Spectrum - ✔✔Treat both gram - and gram + infections and some anaerobic bacteria
Narrow Spectrum - ✔✔- Treat specific bacteria
,- best method to limit antibiotic resistance
When should cultures be done? - ✔✔Prior to starting antibiotic therapy
Empiric Therapy - ✔✔Treatment of an infection before specific culture information has
been reported or obtained
Definitive Therapy - ✔✔Antibiotic therapy tailored to treat organism identified with cultures
Prophylactic Therapy - ✔✔Treatment with antibiotics to prevent an infection
Therapeutic Response - ✔✔Decrease in specific signs and symptoms of infection are noted
Bactericidal - ✔✔Kills bacteria
Bacteriostatic - ✔✔Inhibits growth of susceptible bacteria rather than
killing - eventually leads to bacterial death
Subtherapeutic Response - ✔✔- signs and symptoms of infection do not improve
Causes of sub therapeutic response - ✔✔- med not given by most effective route
- wound not cleaned to allow proper drainage
- poor penetration of tissues
- bacterial resistance
- too low of antibiotic drug levels
, Superinfection - ✔✔- loss of normal flora that leads to other bacterial infection or
fungal invasion
- ex. vaginal yeast infection
C. Diff - ✔✔- most likely to happen to those who have recently been on antibiotics
- loss of normal flora leads to colonization of this bacteria
- causes loose, watery, foul-smelling stools, abdominal pain, and fever
Allergic Reactions - ✔✔- Rash
- Hives
- Itching
- Elevated Temp
- Joint Pain
- Labored Breathing
- Tachycardia
- Lip/tongue swelling
Many antibiotics cannot be safely used during _________ or with _________. -
✔✔Pregnancy, Lactation
Many antibiotics decrease the effectiveness of _____ _______ pills. - ✔✔Birth control
Food-Drug Reactions with Antibiotics - ✔✔Dairy products and
tetracycline - decrease antibiotic effect
Drug-Drug Interactions with Antibiotics - ✔✔- Quinolone antibiotics and antacids
or vitamin/mineral supplements
- decrease antibiotic effect
Questions and Verified Answers
Virulence - ✔✔Microbes ability to cause severe disease and harm to host
Microbial Adherence - ✔✔ability of a microbe to latch onto and gain entrance into its host
Invasion - ✔✔How microbes invade host
- usually through skin
Mobility - ✔✔appendages allow microbe to move toward nutrients
Bacterial Enzymes - ✔✔helps microorganism to spread or invade tissues
Exotoxins - ✔✔excreted by living cells
Endotoxins - ✔✔Released upon cell death and sometimes during cell growth
Anti-phagocytic Factors - ✔✔Prevents microbe from being pagocytized
Endospores - ✔✔Allows microbe to survive under harsh environmental conditions
Common Drug Resistant Bacterias - ✔✔- MRSA
,- VRE
- ESBL
- CRE
- MDR-TB
Preventing Microbial Resistance - ✔✔- Vaccinations
- removal of catheters
- diagnosing and treating infection effectively
- using antimicrobials wisely
- prevent transmission
Number one way to prevent the spread of infection - ✔✔Wash your hands
Disinfectant - ✔✔- kills organisms
- used only on nonliving objects
- cidal agent
Antiseptic - ✔✔- only inhibits growth of microorganisms, does not necessarily kill them
- applied exclusively to living tissue
- static agents
Two types of antibiotics - ✔✔- Broad
Spectrum - Narrow Spectrum
Broad Spectrum - ✔✔Treat both gram - and gram + infections and some anaerobic bacteria
Narrow Spectrum - ✔✔- Treat specific bacteria
,- best method to limit antibiotic resistance
When should cultures be done? - ✔✔Prior to starting antibiotic therapy
Empiric Therapy - ✔✔Treatment of an infection before specific culture information has
been reported or obtained
Definitive Therapy - ✔✔Antibiotic therapy tailored to treat organism identified with cultures
Prophylactic Therapy - ✔✔Treatment with antibiotics to prevent an infection
Therapeutic Response - ✔✔Decrease in specific signs and symptoms of infection are noted
Bactericidal - ✔✔Kills bacteria
Bacteriostatic - ✔✔Inhibits growth of susceptible bacteria rather than
killing - eventually leads to bacterial death
Subtherapeutic Response - ✔✔- signs and symptoms of infection do not improve
Causes of sub therapeutic response - ✔✔- med not given by most effective route
- wound not cleaned to allow proper drainage
- poor penetration of tissues
- bacterial resistance
- too low of antibiotic drug levels
, Superinfection - ✔✔- loss of normal flora that leads to other bacterial infection or
fungal invasion
- ex. vaginal yeast infection
C. Diff - ✔✔- most likely to happen to those who have recently been on antibiotics
- loss of normal flora leads to colonization of this bacteria
- causes loose, watery, foul-smelling stools, abdominal pain, and fever
Allergic Reactions - ✔✔- Rash
- Hives
- Itching
- Elevated Temp
- Joint Pain
- Labored Breathing
- Tachycardia
- Lip/tongue swelling
Many antibiotics cannot be safely used during _________ or with _________. -
✔✔Pregnancy, Lactation
Many antibiotics decrease the effectiveness of _____ _______ pills. - ✔✔Birth control
Food-Drug Reactions with Antibiotics - ✔✔Dairy products and
tetracycline - decrease antibiotic effect
Drug-Drug Interactions with Antibiotics - ✔✔- Quinolone antibiotics and antacids
or vitamin/mineral supplements
- decrease antibiotic effect
