Advanced Pathophysiology QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS EXAM - ACTUAL EXAM WITH A STUDY GUIDE
AND PRACTICE EXAM | GUARANTEED PASS | LATEST
UPDATE
Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by
A. Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters
B. Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves
C. Increasing the resting membrane potential
D. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves - CORRECT ANSWER A
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the
extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces - CORRECT ANSWER A
Two thirds of the body's water is found in its
a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids - CORRECT ANSWER C
A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and
aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional
correlate to this behavior?
a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
,d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L - CORRECT ANSWER B
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the
professional assess for hyperkalemia?
a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism - CORRECT ANSWER C
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the
professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority? a. Hepatitis
b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus d. Pancreatitis - CORRECT ANSWER B
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene?
a. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive
c. Autosomal dominant
d. Autosomal recessive - CORRECT ANSWER D
People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition
because of which genetic principle?
a. Penetrance
b. Expressivity
c. Dominance
d. Recessiveness - CORRECT ANSWER B
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal translocations
c. Maternal nondisjunction
d. Paternal translocation - CORRECT ANSWER C
What does activation of the classical pathway begin with? a. Viruses
b. Antigen-antibody complexes c. Mast cells
d. Macrophages - CORRECT ANSWER B.
,Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the activation of protein C1
and is preceded by the formation of a complex between an antigen and an
antibody to form an antigen-antibody complex (immune complex). Infection with a
virus can lead to the start of the inflammatory process, but is not the specific
activation factor. Mast cells release the contents of their granules to initiate
synthesis of other mediators of inflammation among other actions. Macrophages
are one cell type involved in phagocytosis.
In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways
converge at which factor?
a. XII
b. VII
c. X
d. V - CORRECT ANSWER C. The coagulation cascade consists of the extrinsic and
intrinsic pathways that converge only at factor X.
What effect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H2)
receptor have on inflammation?
a. Inhibition
b. Activation
c. Acceleration
d. Termination - CORRECT ANSWER A. Binding histamine to the H2 receptor is
generally antiinflammatory because it results in the suppression of leukocyte
function. Binding to H2 receptors does not cause activation, acceleration, or
termination of the inflammatory process.
Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same cells, they act in
what fashion?
a. Synergistically
b. Additively
c. Antagonistically
d. Agonistically - CORRECT ANSWER C. Both types of receptors are distributed
among many different cells and are often present on the same cells and may act in
an antagonistic fashion. For instance, neutrophils express both types of receptors,
with stimulation of H1 receptors resulting in the augmentation of neutrophil
chemotaxis and H2 stimulation resulting in its inhibition. The two receptors do not
act synergistically, additively, or agonistically.
, What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?
a. Increases capillary permeability, and causes pain b. Increases neutrophil
chemotaxis and platelet aggregation
c. Causes smooth muscle contraction and fever
d. Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation - CORRECT
ANSWER D. Effects of NO on inflammation include vasodilation by inducing
relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, a response that is local and short-lived, and
by suppressing mast cell function, as well as platelet adhesion and aggregation. NO
does not increase capillary permeability and cause pain, increase neutrophil
chemotaxis and platelet aggregation, or cause smooth muscle contraction and
fever.
Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells?
a. IL-1
b. IL-10
c. TNF-α
d. IFN-α - CORRECT ANSWER D. Only interferons (IFNs) are produced and
released by virally infected cells in response to viral double-stranded ribonucleic
acid (RNA). IFN-α and IFN-β induce the production of antiviral proteins, thereby
conferring protection on uninfected cells. IFN-α or IFN-β is released from virally
infected cells and attaches to a receptor on a neighboring cell. IFNs also enhance
the efficiency of developing an acquired immune response. IL-1 is a
proinflammatory interleukin. IL-10 plays a critical role in wound healing. TNF has
several systemic effects but is not released from virally infected host cells.
What does the phagosome step result in during the process of endocytosis?
a. Microorganisms are ingested.
b. Microorganisms are killed and digested.
c. Phagocytes recognize and adhere to bacteria.
d. An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed. - CORRECT ANSWER D. Small
pseudopods that extend from the plasma membrane and surround the adherent
microorganism, forming an intracellular phagocytic vacuole or phagosome, carry
out engulfment (endocytosis). The membrane that surrounds the phagosome
consists of inverted plasma membrane. After the formation of the phagosome,
lysosomes converge, fuse with the phagosome, and discharge their contents,
creating a phagolysosome.
ANSWERS EXAM - ACTUAL EXAM WITH A STUDY GUIDE
AND PRACTICE EXAM | GUARANTEED PASS | LATEST
UPDATE
Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by
A. Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters
B. Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves
C. Increasing the resting membrane potential
D. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves - CORRECT ANSWER A
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the
extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces - CORRECT ANSWER A
Two thirds of the body's water is found in its
a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids - CORRECT ANSWER C
A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and
aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional
correlate to this behavior?
a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
,d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L - CORRECT ANSWER B
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the
professional assess for hyperkalemia?
a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism - CORRECT ANSWER C
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the
professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority? a. Hepatitis
b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus d. Pancreatitis - CORRECT ANSWER B
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene?
a. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive
c. Autosomal dominant
d. Autosomal recessive - CORRECT ANSWER D
People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition
because of which genetic principle?
a. Penetrance
b. Expressivity
c. Dominance
d. Recessiveness - CORRECT ANSWER B
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal translocations
c. Maternal nondisjunction
d. Paternal translocation - CORRECT ANSWER C
What does activation of the classical pathway begin with? a. Viruses
b. Antigen-antibody complexes c. Mast cells
d. Macrophages - CORRECT ANSWER B.
,Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the activation of protein C1
and is preceded by the formation of a complex between an antigen and an
antibody to form an antigen-antibody complex (immune complex). Infection with a
virus can lead to the start of the inflammatory process, but is not the specific
activation factor. Mast cells release the contents of their granules to initiate
synthesis of other mediators of inflammation among other actions. Macrophages
are one cell type involved in phagocytosis.
In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways
converge at which factor?
a. XII
b. VII
c. X
d. V - CORRECT ANSWER C. The coagulation cascade consists of the extrinsic and
intrinsic pathways that converge only at factor X.
What effect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H2)
receptor have on inflammation?
a. Inhibition
b. Activation
c. Acceleration
d. Termination - CORRECT ANSWER A. Binding histamine to the H2 receptor is
generally antiinflammatory because it results in the suppression of leukocyte
function. Binding to H2 receptors does not cause activation, acceleration, or
termination of the inflammatory process.
Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same cells, they act in
what fashion?
a. Synergistically
b. Additively
c. Antagonistically
d. Agonistically - CORRECT ANSWER C. Both types of receptors are distributed
among many different cells and are often present on the same cells and may act in
an antagonistic fashion. For instance, neutrophils express both types of receptors,
with stimulation of H1 receptors resulting in the augmentation of neutrophil
chemotaxis and H2 stimulation resulting in its inhibition. The two receptors do not
act synergistically, additively, or agonistically.
, What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?
a. Increases capillary permeability, and causes pain b. Increases neutrophil
chemotaxis and platelet aggregation
c. Causes smooth muscle contraction and fever
d. Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation - CORRECT
ANSWER D. Effects of NO on inflammation include vasodilation by inducing
relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, a response that is local and short-lived, and
by suppressing mast cell function, as well as platelet adhesion and aggregation. NO
does not increase capillary permeability and cause pain, increase neutrophil
chemotaxis and platelet aggregation, or cause smooth muscle contraction and
fever.
Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells?
a. IL-1
b. IL-10
c. TNF-α
d. IFN-α - CORRECT ANSWER D. Only interferons (IFNs) are produced and
released by virally infected cells in response to viral double-stranded ribonucleic
acid (RNA). IFN-α and IFN-β induce the production of antiviral proteins, thereby
conferring protection on uninfected cells. IFN-α or IFN-β is released from virally
infected cells and attaches to a receptor on a neighboring cell. IFNs also enhance
the efficiency of developing an acquired immune response. IL-1 is a
proinflammatory interleukin. IL-10 plays a critical role in wound healing. TNF has
several systemic effects but is not released from virally infected host cells.
What does the phagosome step result in during the process of endocytosis?
a. Microorganisms are ingested.
b. Microorganisms are killed and digested.
c. Phagocytes recognize and adhere to bacteria.
d. An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed. - CORRECT ANSWER D. Small
pseudopods that extend from the plasma membrane and surround the adherent
microorganism, forming an intracellular phagocytic vacuole or phagosome, carry
out engulfment (endocytosis). The membrane that surrounds the phagosome
consists of inverted plasma membrane. After the formation of the phagosome,
lysosomes converge, fuse with the phagosome, and discharge their contents,
creating a phagolysosome.
