1. Case Study: A 55-year-old male with a history of smoking
presents with shortness of breath and chronic cough that has
persisted for years. His oxygen saturation is low.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Asthma
B. Emphysema
C. Chronic bronchitis
D. Pneumonia
Answer: B. Emphysema
Rationale: Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), often caused by smoking, and it presents with
chronic cough and shortness of breath.
2. Case Study: A 65-year-old female presents with dizziness, a
history of hypertension, and complaints of weakness in her left
arm. Upon assessment, her blood pressure is elevated, and she has
reduced sensation in her left arm.
Question: Which part of the nervous system is most likely affected
in this patient?
A. Spinal cord
B. Cerebellum
C. Cerebrum
D. Brainstem
Answer: C. Cerebrum
Rationale: The patient’s symptoms, including weakness and
sensory changes localized to one side of the body, suggest a
possible cerebrovascular accident (stroke) affecting the cerebrum.
3. Case Study: A 45-year-old male presents with shortness of
breath, wheezing, and a chronic cough. He has a history of
,smoking and a family history of respiratory issues.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Emphysema
B. Pneumonia
C. Bronchitis
D. Asthma
Answer: A. Emphysema
Rationale: Emphysema, a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), is common in smokers and can cause shortness of
breath, wheezing, and a chronic cough due to damage to the
alveoli in the lungs.
4. Case Study: A 45-year-old male presents with a slow-healing
ulcer on his foot, excessive thirst, and blurred vision. He has a
family history of diabetes.
Question: What condition is most likely causing his symptoms?
A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
B. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Addison’s disease
Answer: A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance
and can lead to slow-healing wounds, blurred vision, and excessive
thirst.
5. Case Study: A 50-year-old male with a history of heart disease
presents with swelling in his legs and abdomen.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Cirrhosis
B. Heart failure
C. Nephrotic syndrome
, D. Deep vein thrombosis
Answer: B. Heart failure
Rationale: Heart failure can cause fluid retention, leading to
peripheral edema (swelling of the legs) and ascites (swelling in the
abdomen).
6. Case Study: A 60-year-old male presents with a history of
chronic leg swelling and varicose veins. He also reports discomfort
in the affected area.
Question: What condition is most likely causing these symptoms?
A. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
B. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
C. Chronic venous insufficiency
D. Cellulitis
Answer: C. Chronic venous insufficiency
Rationale: Chronic venous insufficiency occurs when the veins in
the legs are unable to pump blood back to the heart efficiently,
leading to swelling, varicose veins, and discomfort.
7. Case Study: A 50-year-old male complains of frequent urination,
nocturia, and difficulty starting urination. Digital rectal
examination reveals an enlarged prostate.
Question: What is the most likely cause of this patient’s
symptoms?
A. Prostate cancer
B. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
C. Urinary tract infection
D. Bladder cancer
Answer: B. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Rationale: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is common in older males
and causes urinary symptoms due to the enlarged prostate
obstructing the urethra.
presents with shortness of breath and chronic cough that has
persisted for years. His oxygen saturation is low.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Asthma
B. Emphysema
C. Chronic bronchitis
D. Pneumonia
Answer: B. Emphysema
Rationale: Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), often caused by smoking, and it presents with
chronic cough and shortness of breath.
2. Case Study: A 65-year-old female presents with dizziness, a
history of hypertension, and complaints of weakness in her left
arm. Upon assessment, her blood pressure is elevated, and she has
reduced sensation in her left arm.
Question: Which part of the nervous system is most likely affected
in this patient?
A. Spinal cord
B. Cerebellum
C. Cerebrum
D. Brainstem
Answer: C. Cerebrum
Rationale: The patient’s symptoms, including weakness and
sensory changes localized to one side of the body, suggest a
possible cerebrovascular accident (stroke) affecting the cerebrum.
3. Case Study: A 45-year-old male presents with shortness of
breath, wheezing, and a chronic cough. He has a history of
,smoking and a family history of respiratory issues.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Emphysema
B. Pneumonia
C. Bronchitis
D. Asthma
Answer: A. Emphysema
Rationale: Emphysema, a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), is common in smokers and can cause shortness of
breath, wheezing, and a chronic cough due to damage to the
alveoli in the lungs.
4. Case Study: A 45-year-old male presents with a slow-healing
ulcer on his foot, excessive thirst, and blurred vision. He has a
family history of diabetes.
Question: What condition is most likely causing his symptoms?
A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
B. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Addison’s disease
Answer: A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance
and can lead to slow-healing wounds, blurred vision, and excessive
thirst.
5. Case Study: A 50-year-old male with a history of heart disease
presents with swelling in his legs and abdomen.
Question: Which condition is most likely causing these
symptoms?
A. Cirrhosis
B. Heart failure
C. Nephrotic syndrome
, D. Deep vein thrombosis
Answer: B. Heart failure
Rationale: Heart failure can cause fluid retention, leading to
peripheral edema (swelling of the legs) and ascites (swelling in the
abdomen).
6. Case Study: A 60-year-old male presents with a history of
chronic leg swelling and varicose veins. He also reports discomfort
in the affected area.
Question: What condition is most likely causing these symptoms?
A. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
B. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
C. Chronic venous insufficiency
D. Cellulitis
Answer: C. Chronic venous insufficiency
Rationale: Chronic venous insufficiency occurs when the veins in
the legs are unable to pump blood back to the heart efficiently,
leading to swelling, varicose veins, and discomfort.
7. Case Study: A 50-year-old male complains of frequent urination,
nocturia, and difficulty starting urination. Digital rectal
examination reveals an enlarged prostate.
Question: What is the most likely cause of this patient’s
symptoms?
A. Prostate cancer
B. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
C. Urinary tract infection
D. Bladder cancer
Answer: B. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Rationale: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is common in older males
and causes urinary symptoms due to the enlarged prostate
obstructing the urethra.
